Women-owned businesses are one of the fastest growing entrepreneurial populations in the world. They make signifi cant contributions to innovation, employment and wealth creation in all economies (Brush et al., 2006). Statistics from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) indicate that women entrepreneurs create and run businesses across all of the broad industrial sectors of extraction, transformation, business services and consumeroriented products. Women in developed economies are more likely to start businesses out of opportunity motivation while those in less developed economies are motivated by necessity. Latin America and Asia have higher rates of entrepreneurial activity for women than Europe and the US. However, women entrepreneurs make signifi cant contributions to economies in terms of jobs, innovations and gross national product (Allen et al., 2007). Despite the growing importance of women entrepreneurs, they are understudied and the paucity of research on the phenomenon of women's entrepreneurship is well documented (Baker et al., 1997; de Bruin et al., 2006, 2007). Recent literature reviews suggest that studies about women entrepreneurs comprise less than 10 per cent of all research in the fi eld. The result is that we know comparatively little about women entrepreneurs even though they contribute positively to gross national product (GNP), jobs, innovations and societal welfare globally. For the past 10 years, the Diana Project has worked to resolve this disparity. THE DIANA PROJECT Early research on women's entrepreneurship focused on factors infl uencing the start-up of ventures (Gatewood et al., 2003). Notably absent was an understanding of factors aff ecting growth. In 1999, Candida Brush,

Numerous studies have expanded the understanding of part-time work as a gendered labour market phenomenon. However, there has been little research into how societies perceive women's part-time work over time. The passage of several decades since women in great numbers entered the labour market in Scandinavia, many in part-time jobs, provides an opportunity to investigate this. We examine ideas about the nature and desirability of parttime work for women based on government advisory commission reports published in Norway between 1978 and 2016. With the gender contract as a conceptual lens, this longitudinal study of ideas demonstrates how a changing national context transformed perceptions of women's part-time work and the 'woman worker'. From being a strategy for increasing women's economic independence and individual choice, part-time work has become undesirable, whereas full-time work for all women is promoted. The ideational and institutional drivers of the politicisation of women's part-time work are discussed.

The Nordic countries have experienced major labour immigration since the EU enlargement round in 2004. Recruiting workers from ethnic minorities is a major challenge for all Nordic trade unions. Less attention has been directed towards the need also to integrate these members inside the unions, for example, by having them serve as trade union representatives at different levels in companies, as well as in the unions. A glance at the top positions in the Swedish, Danish and Norwegian trade unions reveals an almost all-white picture. There is considerable imbalance between the number of ethnic minority trade union members and the number of ethnic minority representatives. This article argues that looking into the concept of representation, and especially the features attributed to trade union representatives and how these features are perceived, enables us to investigate the mismatch between trade union density and trade union representatives among employees from different ethnic minorities.

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