Relatively minor harms from others' drinking are experienced quite frequently. The social victims of others' drinking tend to drink heavily themselves, yet in contrast to what characterizes social consequences of own drinking, we find that the burden of social harms from others' drinking is to a larger extent carried by women than by men.
We propose an adaptive independent Metropolis-Hastings algorithm with the ability to learn from all previous proposals in the chain except the current location. It is an extension of the independent Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Convergence is proved provided a strong Doeblin condition is satisfied, which essentially requires that all the proposal functions have uniformly heavier tails than the stationary distribution. The proof also holds if proposals depending on the current state are used intermittently, provided the information from these iterations is not used for adaption. The algorithm gives samples from the exact distribution within a finite number of iterations with probability arbitrarily close to 1. The algorithm is particularly useful when a large number of samples from the same distribution is necessary, like in Bayesian estimation, and in CPU intensive applications like, for example, in inverse problems and optimization.
Self-referent identity labels are frequently argued to be a central component of the self and to be important in the planning of conduct. Despite the attractiveness of this argument, relatively little research has yet appeared that supports it, and studies of the Direct all communications to: Dr. Bruce J. Biddle, Center for Research in Social Behavior, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 6521 1.
SummaryIn February 1979 identical questionnaires were mailed w representative samples totalling 3000 persons between 20 and 69 years of age in the populations of each of four Scandinavian countries, (Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), in order to study‐among other things‐the relationship between alcohol consumption, alcohol intoxication and negative consequences of drinking in various cultural settings.The results indicate that it is not possible on the basis of the total consumption of a country to make a reliable prediction of the negative consequences of alcohol consumption that the study considers. In a country with a high total consumption, the scale of negative consequences could be much lower than in a country with a lota total consumption.However, the likelihood of having experienced the types of negative consequences inquired about in the questionnaire was approximately the same in all four countries, when intoxication frequency was maintained at a constant level. The national differences in the experience of negative consequences therefore mainly seems to correlate with differences between the countries in intoxication frequency.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.