A new, simple, and efficient synthetic protocol has been developed for Carbonylative Sonogashira Coupling (CSC) with aryl iodides, aromatic terminal alkynes, and CO (2 atm) by using manganese chloride (MnCl2) as a catalyst. This method has shown a good‐to‐excellent yield of the desired products. Additionally, it was found to have ensured the synthesis of 2‐substituted flavones.
Land degradation (LD) and desertification is a serious ecological, environmental, and social-economic threat in the world, and there is a demanding need to develop accountable and reproducible techniques to assess it at different scales. In this study to assess LD and desertification with the help of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) in the study region for the period of past 29 years i.e., from 1990 to 2019. The severity of LD and desertification was assessed quantitatively by collecting twelve soil samples in the study region, and analyzing the eleven soil Physico-chemical parameters and these values have made correlated with Digital Number (DN) values with LANDSAT 8 satellite image. The land cover analysis of LANDSAT imagery revealed that the water body slightly increased from 0.29% in 1990 to 0.46% in 2019, and built-up-land increased from 2.87% in 1990 to 5.31% in 2019. Vegetation is decreased from 52.03% in 1990 to 28.57%. Fallow land, degraded land, and desertified lands are increased at alarming rates, respectively 13.71% to 26.35, 18.57% to 22.31%, and 12.53% to 17.00%. It is also established that the multi-temporal analysis of change detection data can provide a sophisticated measure of ecosystem health and variation, and that, over the last 29 years, considerable progress has been made in the respective research.
Exploration geology involves mapping of rocks that includes delineation of different rock types known as lithological maps. Such maps provide primary information about the mineralogical and hydrological occurrences beneath the surface of the earth. Remote Sensing by satellites and their study through GIS are sophisticated techniques available today for lithological discrimination and mineralogical and hydrological exploration. Spatial technology through satellite data has become an excellent technology not only for lithological mapping, but lineament extraction, structural mapping etc. In the present study image processing techniques have been applied to IRS P6 LISS III image of 57j/7 scene covering Vempelli, Vemula and Velpula villages of 720 sq.km area. It is composed of all three varieties of rock types viz., igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the basement rock consisting of granites, granodiorites, schists and gneisses forms the basement of the area, over which Cuddapah Supergroup rocks are present. Gulcheru quartzites, Vempalli dolomites, of Papaghni group, Pulivendla quartzites, Tadipatri shales of Chitravati group are the Cuddapah Supergroup rocks occurring in the study area. Igneous activity is seen between Vempalli dolomites, Pulivendla quartzites and within Tadipatri shales in the form of sills.
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