No abstract

In this study, the fracture and fracture pressure analysis of the carbonates of the Lockhart Formation from the Makhori-1 well in Kohat Basin is presented. The fracture density, connectivity, is explained while fractured porosity range is 0.77–2.18% and the permeability ranges are 1.32–7.97 Darcie’s. The statistical plots of Makhori 1 Well confirm the continuous conductive fractures having strikes in EW, NS, and NE-SW and NW-SE directions. The discontinuous conductive fractures dominantly strike in the NW–SE and WNW–ESE directions. The induced fractures trend in the NNE-SSW direction, whereas the breakout shows a trend in the ENE-WSW. The FMI based open fracture porosity and fracture aperture range from 0 to 0.1% and 0.001–0.04 mm. The 4585 psi formation fracture pressure is also calculated on the basis of unconfined compression strength test and mud losses. The pore pressure gradient for the Lockhart Formation is 0.55 psi/ft, and the fracture gradient is estimated to be between 0.9 and 0.94 psi/ft. Therefore, the safe drilling window is 0.55 psi to 0.910 psi/ft. The minimum fracture gradient of 0.910 psi/ft should be used for all calculations and estimations in drilling plans, mud designs, and hydraulic fracture plans in the study area.

In the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the media played a central role in linking victims to the government apparatus and the national and international community and highlighting weaknesses in the disaster management process. This study was conducted to analyze and compare the ‘agenda setting role’ of the Pakistani newspapers with that of the Indian newspapers after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 and resulting in over 78,000 fatalities in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and the Indian part of Kashmir. Two Pakistani and two Indian newspapers each with high circulation were selected for qualitative and quantitative analysis. A total of 630 articles were downloaded for analysis out of which 120 front page articles were finally analyzed with the help of five selected themes including extent of damage, phases of disaster, responsibility issues, types of framing and focus on disaster policies. The study revealed that there was a strong agenda setting role of both Pakistani and Indian newspapers in post 2005 Kashmir earthquake. The newspapers focused on broad policy issues using thematic framing techniques with a strong emphasis on response phase, whereas the least attention has been given to preparedness and mitigation strategies. The analysis further revealed that in both the countries, federal government was considered to be responsible for disaster management system by both Pakistani and Indian newspapers and the Indian newspapers have also strongly criticized the Indian army for their unsatisfactory emergency response operations. Newspapers are still one of the most important sources of information in many developing countries including Pakistan and India and they can play a positive role in the management of natural disasters by focusing on mitigation and preparation to prepare communities for future disasters.