This particular subset of APLS patients who survive the acute phase has a rather favorable long-term outcome. Although adrenal dysfunction is generally irreversible, adrenocortical function may, at least partially, recover in rare cases. In this view, measurement of early morning cortisol during follow-up is indicated to detect these patients.

Phosphate homeostasis is complex and incompletely understood. The identification of different factors involved in the regulation of phosphate balance, also called phosphatonins, has largely changed our view on the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. The active role of bone has been demonstrated clearly. Currently, maintaining phosphate homeostasis is considered the result of a complex network of endocrine feedback loops between parathyroid gland, kidney, and bone. This review describes current knowledge on fibroblast growth factor 23, which is one of the best studied phosphatonins.

Overt hypothyroidism is known to be associated with increased serum creatine kinase (CK) levels. However, there is little information on CK levels in subclinical hypothyroidism. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between CK levels and thyroid function in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid function tests (thyrotropin [TSH], free thyroxine [FT4], free triiodothyronine [FT3]) and the serum levels of CK were obtained from 23 patients admitted to a general hospital for illnesses other than thyroid or muscular diseases, myocardial ischemia, or brain damage. Overt hypothyroidism, based on thyroid function tests, was present in 10 patients, whereas hypothyroidism could be classified as subclinical in the other 13. A positive correlation was observed between CK and thyrotropin, and to a lesser extent between CK and thyroid hormones. Moreover, the correlation between CK and TSH and between CK and FT4 was detectable in subclinical hypothyroidism. Our data suggest that even in subclinical hypothyroidism there is some degree of dysfunction in skeletal muscle metabolism.

Objective The purpose of our study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS) values between patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and control subjects with similar FRAX scores in order to evaluate TBS as an additional tool for assessing fracture risk in diabetic subjects. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis was performed using BMD results from 260 subjects participating in the FRISBEE study (Fracture RISk Brussels Epidemiological Enquiry), an ongoing prospective epidemiological study in a population‐based cohort (Brussels, Belgium) of 3560 postmenopausal women aged 60‐85 years. TBS measurement was possible in 1108 subjects from the FRISBEE cohort. Among these 1108 subjects, 65 had known T2D at inclusion. For each diabetic case we selected 3 controls from our database. (n = 195). Diabetic subjects and controls were matched for age and baseline FRAX score for major osteoporotic fractures. Results BMD (g/cm2) tended to be higher in T2D than in control subjects, significantly so at the total hip 0.90 ± 0.13 versus 0.87 ± 0.12 (P = 0.015). On the contrary, TBS was significantly lower in the T2D group (mean = 1.19 ± 0.17) compared with the control group (mean = 1.27 ± 0.13) (P = 0.005). Mean TBS remained significantly lower in T2D (1.22 ± 0.17) compared with the control group (1.27 ± 0.13) (P = 0.02) after adjustment for body mass index. Conclusion Our data suggest that TBS complements BMD at the total hip, in demonstrating the “diabetes‐associated bone disease”.