This paper analyses how unstable employment influences becoming a mother in Italy and Spain. Results suggest that institutional factors foster dynamics of social inequality and hinder family formation. We show that in southern Europe (Italy and Spain), but not in other institutional contexts, the lack of employment stability produces a delay in fertility decision. We attribute this impact of the employment situation on demographic decisions to the subprotective southern European welfare systems and the insider-outsider labour market configuration, as enhanced by the partial and targeted labour market deregulations of recent decades. In the context of low levels of welfare, unstable employment often comes with persistently reduced entitlement to social and welfare rights, and, therefore, with notable social and demographic consequences. We provide support for this institutional argument by showing that fertility decisions are independent of employment stability in other contexts. Analyses are based on longitudinal data using event history analysis and simultaneous equation models.

to protect and promote human rights and equality in Ireland, to promote a culture of respect for human rights, equality and intercultural understanding, to promote understanding and awareness of the importance of human rights and equality, and to work towards the elimination of human rights abuses and discrimination.The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) is an independent research institute working towards a vision of 'Informed policy for a better Ireland'. The ESRI seeks to support sustainable economic growth and social progress in Ireland by providing a robust knowledge base capable of providing effective solutions to public policy challenges.2018.

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Diverse communities are an integral part of Irish life, with almost 12 per cent of people living here having a nationality other than Irish, and a growing second and third generation of Irish-born children of migrants. Where migrants live is key to their social inclusion: the neighbourhoods they call home. Ireland's National Migrant Integration Strategy is one way in which we are trying to remove barriers to fully realising the potential and opportunities that diversity can bring. The Strategy is underpinned by the vision that migrants are facilitated to play a full role in Irish society, that integration is a core principle of Irish life and that Irish society and institutions work together to promote social inclusion. Reliable data are essential if we are to develop appropriate responses to challenges and barriers that migrants and their children may face in participating fully and developing a sense of belonging. The Department of Justice and Equality is funding an integration research programme with the ESRI that aims to provide good evidence for policy on integration.

Dynamic random-effects probit models are increasingly applied in many disciplines to study dynamics of persistence in dichotomous outcomes. Despite the increasing popularity of these models, an estimation command for them does not exist yet. In this article, we present the xtpdyn command, which implements the model as proposed by Rabe-Hesketh and Skrondal (2013, Economics Letters 120: 346–349). We also present probat, a postestimation command that provides estimates of transition rates and a set of associated statistics.