In this study grid data of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures taken from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for the territory of Poland for the years 1951-2005 have been used as a basis for an analysis of the spatial distribution of daily maximum and minimum air temperature, the frequency of characteristic days and the variability of these parameters in the period analysed. The results obtained were then compared to the variability in atmospheric circulation in Europe, described by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index.

: This article investigates the spatial distribution of global solar radiation (K↓) in Toruń and its suburbs, observed in 2012. Measurements were taken at 12 points (7 within the city and 5 in the suburban area) using CNR4 net radiometers and automatic weather stations (Vantage Pro+). At all locations, the diurnal and annual courses of K↓ were typically related to the Earth’s rotational movement and changes in the sun’s declination over the year, and disturbed by clouds and atmospheric phenomena that enhance the extinction of solar radiation. A substantial spatial diversity of K↓ was observed in Toruń and its suburbs. The annual sum of K↓ at several urban locations accounted for over 70% of the solar radiation in the open space outside the city. The amount of incoming solar radiation in the urban area was more restricted in winter (<50%) than in summer (approx. 70%). The diurnal courses of K↓ were heavily disturbed by local obstacles which cast shadows (causing a considerable decrease of K↓), but there were instances of increases in K↓ (122%) augmented by radiation reflected from roofs, walls and windows surrounding the measurement point. The spatial diversity of K↓ in the urban area is heterogeneous, due to local meteorological conditions (cloudiness, fog, smog and airborne dust) and the obscuring of the horizon.

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This work presents the influence of atmospheric circulation on the occurrence of dry and wet periods in the central Polish region of Kujawy. The material on which the authors relied encompassed monthly totals of precipitation obtained from 10 weather stations in the period 1954–2018. Both dry and wet periods have been identified on the basis of monthly values of the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI). Additionally, the calendar of circulation types over Central Poland was used to determine the atmospheric circulation indices: western (W), southern (S) and cyclonicity (C). The analyses have indicated that the region concerned experiences low precipitation totals in comparison with the rest of Poland. According to the circulation indices W, S and C, for Central Poland, the air mass advection from the West prevails over that from the East. Moreover, a slightly more frequent inflow of air from the South than from the North has been observed. The frequency of anticyclonic situations is higher than that of the cyclonic types in this part of Europe. Drought spells occurred in the study area at a clear dominance of anticyclonic circulation, with the inflow of air mostly from the North and with increased westerly circulation. On the other hand, the occurrence of wet periods was mainly influenced by cyclonic circulation during the advection of the masses from the South and West. Dry and wet periods accounted for 28% and 27% of the study period, respectively.

The following article presents the results of research on the influence of atmospheric circulation on air temperature and atmospheric precipitation in the Bydgoszcz-Toruń region (Poland) in the period 1921-2000. In order to do this, we have constructed a daily calendar of synoptic situations using criteria proposed by Niedźwiedź (1981). Daily values of air temperature and atmospheric precipitation were collected from the meteorological station in Toruń. Research results show that weather conditions in the study area are influenced predominantly by the direction of air mass advection and, to a lesser extent, by the prevailing type of isobaric system.