Aim The aim of our study was to assay circulating interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and insulin resistance measured by two different methods in newly diagnosed autoimmune diabetes (AD) patients, their I° relatives, and healthy controls. Material and Methods The group studied consisted of 54 patients with AD (28 with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) and 26 with type 1 diabetes (T1D)), 70 first-degree relatives, and 60 controls. IL-6, IL-15, and anti-islet antibodies concentrations were measured by ELISA method. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMAIR) and estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) were calculated. Results The patients with AD had significantly higher IL-15, IL-6, and HOMAIR and lower eGDR than the controls (p < 0.001, respectively) and first-degree relatives (p < 0.001, respectively). Significantly higher IL-15 and IL-6 were shown in the relatives with positive Ab as compared to the relatives without antibodies (p < 0.001, respectively) and the controls (p < 0.001, respectively). IL-15 negatively correlated with eGDR (r = −0.436, p = 0.021) in LADA and positively with HOMAIR in LADA and T1D (r = 0.507, p < 0.001; r = 0.4209, p < 0.001). Conclusions Significantly higher IL-15 and IL-6 concentrations, HOMAIR, and markedly lower eGDR in newly diagnosed AD patients and first-degree relatives with positive anti-islet antibodies might suggest the role of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. IL-15 and IL-6 might be used as biomarkers of the risk of autoimmune diabetes development, in particular IL-15 for LADA. Both methods of IR measurement appear equally useful for calculating insulin resistance in autoimmune diabetes.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate beta-cell function and insulin resistance in relation to the occurrence of anti-islet antibodies in first degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Material and methods:The group studied consisted of 90 relatives and 60 healthy individuals without a family history of diabetes. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed in all participants and the first phase insulin response index (FPIR) was calculated. Serum concentrations of GADA, IAA and IA-2A were measured by RIA. HOMA-IR and HOMA%B indices were calculated using a computer calculator from website. Results: At least one positive antibody was found in 28 relatives (31.1%) but in none of the controls. The most frequently detected antibodies were IAA (22.2%). The relatives of diabetic patients had significantly higher fasting insulin level (p), significantly lower FPIR index (p), as well as higher HOMA-IR (p) and lower HOMA%B (p) compared to the controls. A positive correlation between IAA concentration and HOMA-IR (r = 0.287, p < 0.005) and a negative correlation between IAA level and HOMA%B (r = -0.226, p < 0.05) were also shown. Conclusions: Our results confirmed that more than 30% of the first-degree relatives of diabetic patients have positive markers of autoimmune beta-cell destruction. The study showed also that these individuals, in spite of normal glucose tolerance, have markedly decreased beta-cell secretory reserve and decreased sensitivity to insulin action, strongly suggesting an increased risk for developing diabetes later in life.

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