RESUMO:Os processos de compostagem têm se estabelecido como formas eficientes de minimizar a problemática ambiental e de reduzir o volume de resíduos sólidos orgânicos descartados. Esse trabalho tem como objetivos monitorar o processo de compostagem de resíduos agroindustriais e avaliar a qualidade do composto final com base na Portaria N° 01/83 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Para isso foram montadas pilhas de resíduos agroindustriais em solo exposto com monitoramento dos parâmetros: temperatura, pH, sólidos voláteis, umidade e relação C/N. Ao final da compostagem foi avaliado a qualidade do composto produzido, o qual alcançou parcialmente os requisitos mínimos exigidos pela legislação brasileira, mostrando-se eficiente para o tratamento de resíduos agroindustriais. Palavra-chave: resíduos orgânicos, matéria orgânica, meio ambiente. MONITORING OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN AGROINDUSTRIAL WASTE COMPOSTING

To evaluate seed vigor, electrical conductivity and ethanol tests are fast and efficient methodologies. They have the potential to be used in several species, such as red rice. However, there are no protocols or information about their efficiency. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the efficiency, and define parameters of execution for electrical conductivity and ethanol tests, to evaluate the vigor of red rice seeds. The study was conducted using four lots of ‘BRS 901’ red rice, which was subjected to a germination test, as well as first count, accelerated aging, and field seedling emergence tests. The electrical conductivity test was performed with 25, 50, and 100 seeds soaked in 50 mL and 75 mL of water, at 25 °C and 30 °C, for 3, 6, 20, and 24 hours, respectively. The ethanol test was performed with 50 and 100 seeds soaked in a volume of water equivalent to 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0× the mass of the seed sample. To assess the vigor of red rice seeds, the electrical conductivity test is an efficient method when conducted with 50 seeds soaked in 50 mL of water at 25 °C for 20 hours. Meanwhile, the ethanol test is most effective when performed with 50 seeds, in a volume of water that is 2.5× the mass of the sample, at 40 °C for 24 hours.

The application of growth promoting substances, such as humic acids, during the formation of fruit seedlings can benefit growth and increase the plant nutrient uptake and translocation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of humic acid doses (0 mg L-1, 2 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1, 40 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1) extracted from vermicompost of sugarcane filter cake on the nutrient uptake of seminal mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 7 replicates for each treatment. The application of humic acids promoted curvilinear increments with quadratic rates for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S contents from shoots and roots, as well as quadratic increments in the Zn and Mn uptake by shoots. The application of humic acids increased the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents and reduced the carotenoid content. Overall, the regression analysis demonstrated that a dose of 150 mg L-1 is capable of providing the most adequate nutrient uptake by plants, and should be recommended for the production of mangosteen seedlings. Humic acids from vermicompost can provide a better nutrition in mangosteen seedlings at the nursery stage.

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RESUMO -O teste de condutividade elétrica da solução de embebição é recomendado para avaliar o vigor de sementes de ervilha e indicado para outras espécies, mas ainda há necessidade da continuidade de estudos sobre o assunto. A pesquisa teve como objetivo estabelecer ajustes na metodologia do teste de condutividade elétrica para avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de rúcula (Eruca sativa L.). Para isso, o estudo foi conduzido utilizando dois cultivares de sementes de rúcula, Cultivada e Folha Larga, cada um representado por cinco lotes de sementes. Foram realizados os testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas em campo e o teste de condutividade elétrica, usando-se as temperaturas de 20, 25 e 30 ºC; volumes de água para embebição de 25, 50 e 75 mL; amostras de 25 e 50 sementes; e períodos de embebição de 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 e 24 horas. Conclui-se que o teste de condutividade elétrica é eficiente para avaliação do vigor de sementes de rúcula quando conduzido com 50 sementes imersas em 50 mL de água desionizada a 25 ºC, após oito horas de embebição.Termos para indexação: Eruca sativa, potencial fisiológico, vigor, qualidade de sementes. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN SALAD ROCKET SEEDSABSTRACT -Electrical conductivity has been recommended for evaluating seed vigor in peas and other species although research is still needed to improve procedures. The objective of this study was to develop methodology for the electrical conductivity test to evaluate the physiological potential of salad rocket (Eruca sativa L.) seeds. Five seed lots were used for each of two cultivars of salad rocket, "Cultivada" and "Folha Larga". The following tests were made: standard germination, first germination count, accelerated ageing, field emergence and variations in the electrical conductivity test (25 or 50 seeds imbibed in 25 mL, 50 mL or 75 mL of water; at 20 ºC, 25 ºC and 30 ºC; for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours). The results confirmed the efficiency of the electrical conductivity test to evaluate salad rocket seed vigor. The best combination was 50 seeds immersed in 50 mL of deionized water at 25 ºC, for eight hours.

The influence of two managements on yield and quality of plagiotropic mini-cuttings of four cacao clones was evaluated. The design was completely randomized in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme with 4 clones x 2 mother plant management (apical pruning and bending), with 10 replicates and one plant as experimental unit. Seedlings used were propagated by rooting of semi-woody cuttings of plagiotropic branches and at seven months of age, two seedlings of each clone were transplanted to 12 L pots filled with organomineral substrate. After transplantation, the apex of one of the plants was cut based on the count of the first six leaves from the apex. For bending, stems were folded and horizontally fixed. The first collection of mini-cuttings was performed 30 days after transplantation and the others during the following seven months. The yield of mini-cuttings was estimated during collections and part was used for rooting and quality evaluation of seedlings. After 90 days, 10 mini-cuttings of each clone were evaluated for quality using the Dickson quality index (DQI). Another 10 rooted mini-cuttings were transplanted to 1.5 L polyethylene bags and kept in greenhouse for another 120 days until final quality evaluation at 210 days. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability. Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Pearson correlation analysis were performed. bending was more efficient in the average production of mini-cuttings especially for BN 34 clone. The Dickson quality index was correlated with root dry mass, at both 90 and 210 days, and the bending technique was responsible for the best DQI. Variable height was not adequate to estimate the quality of cocoa seedlings.

The time of formation of mangosteen seedlings propagated by seeds can be considered as the biggest difficulty in the seedling production system of this species. Considering that the use of humic acids as a growth promoter has been well documented in some species, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of mangosteen seedlings in response to the application of humic acid (HA) doses extracted from vermicompost (0; 2; 20; 40; 200 mg C L-1). Growth rate was determined using the following variables: stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem dry matter, leaf dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter and Dickson quality index . The dose 150 mg C L-1 was the one that approached the maximum values and therefore should be recommended for the production of seedlings. The results at 240 days after planting (DAP) showed that the HA increased the growth of mangosteen seedlings, helping to reduce the time of seedling formation under conditions for permanent planting.

The use of organic composts and the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are management alternatives in organic production systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of AMF inoculation (Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora colombiana and without inoculation) and organic compost of cacao bark (0 g dm-3, 5 g dm-3, 10 g dm-3, 20 g dm-3 and 30 g dm-3) on the mycorrhizal efficiency and nutrient uptake, in 'Morada' soursop seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 5 factorial arrangement (AMF x organic compost), with four replicates. A higher mycorrhizal efficiency was observed for the A. colombiana isolate, with the addition of 0 g dm-3, 5 g dm-3 and 10 g dm-3 of organic compost to the soil, in relation to the A. scrobiculata isolate, which differed statistically at the doses of 20 g dm-3 and 30 g dm-3 of organic compost. The AMF inoculation promotes increases in the N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn contents, when compared to plants without inoculation. The organic compost exerts an effect on the inoculation, mainly on the absorption of P. The AMF inoculation, together with the organic fertilization, promotes the growth and nutrition of seedlings.