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Abstract. We present a new version of the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS), in which different previous versions for weather, chemistry, and carbon cycle were unified in a single integrated modeling system software. This new version also has a new set of state-of-the-art physical parameterizations and greater computational parallel and memory usage efficiency. The description of the main model features includes several examples illustrating the quality of the transport scheme for scalars, radiative fluxes on surface, and model simulation of rainfall systems over South America at different spatial resolutions using a scale aware convective parameterization. Additionally, the simulation of the diurnal cycle of the convection and carbon dioxide concentration over the Amazon Basin, as well as carbon dioxide fluxes from biogenic processes over a large portion of South America, are shown. Atmospheric chemistry examples show the model performance in simulating near-surface carbon monoxide and ozone in the Amazon Basin and the megacity of Rio de Janeiro. For tracer transport and dispersion, the model capabilities to simulate the volcanic ash 3-D redistribution associated with the eruption of a Chilean volcano are demonstrated. The gain of computational efficiency is described in some detail. BRAMS has been applied for research and operational forecasting mainly in South America. Model results from the operational weather forecast of BRAMS on 5 km grid spacing in the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, INPE/Brazil, since 2013 are used to quantify the model skill of near-surface variables and rainfall. The scores show the reliability of BRAMS for the tropical and subtropical areas of South America. Requirements for keeping this modeling system competitive regarding both its functionalities and skills are discussed. Finally, we highlight the relevant contribution of this work to building a South American community of model developers.

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Resumo O BRAMS-SFIRE é um novo sistema de modelação atmosférica com componente de propagação de fogo desenvolvido no Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC / INPE) no Brasil em colaboração com o Instituto Mediterrâneo de Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento (MED) em Portugal. O presente artigo descreve a incorporação do modelo de propagação de fogo no Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS). Os principais objetivos foram desenvolver o acoplamento entre um modelo atmosférico e um modelo de propagação de fogo que simulasse os efeitos da circulação atmosférica sobre um incêndio florestal e vice-versa. Esta ferramenta tem como objetivo ajudar a entender as relações entre o fogo e a paisagem nas florestas de carvalho mediterrâneas, e avaliar os resultados das simulações deste acoplamento na escala fina no ecossistema do Montado na região do Alentejo. Para isso, três grades de alta resolução espacial ao longo de três incêndios foram configuradas com dados de caracterização de superfície realistas e propriedades dos modelos de combustível. Uma grade foi colocada sobre fogo em uma planície e as outras nas montanhas, para avaliar os diferentes tipos de propagação do fogo. Este trabalho demonstra que este sistema simula de forma consistente a interação entre o fogo, os modelos de combustível e a atmosfera, mostrando que o fogo altera a circulação local ao nível da superfície, intensifica as correntes de vento ascendentes e descendentes, alterando a estrutura da atmosfera.

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A B S T R A C TThe neuromuscular junction represents a relevant substrate for revealing important biophysical mechanisms of synaptic transmission. In this context, calcium ions are important in the synapse machinery, providing the nervous impulse transmission to the muscle fiber. In this work, we carefully investigated whether intervals of spontaneous electrical activity, recorded in seven different calcium concentrations, conform Newcomb-Benford law. Our analysis revealed that electrical discharge of neuromuscular junction obeys the expected values for Newcomb-Benford law for first and second digits, while first-two digits do not perfectly follows the law. We next examined previous theoretical studies, establishing a relation between the law and lognormal and Weibull distributions. We showed that Weibull distribution is more appropriate to fit the intervals as compared to lognormal distribution. Altogether, the present findings strongly suggest that spontaneous activity is a base-scale invariant phenomenon.