Trastornos del Lenguaje en el AdultoLanguage disorders in adults RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo principal describir los trastornos del lenguaje en el adulto a consecuencia de un daño cerebral. Las alteraciones del lenguaje oral se abordarán considerando los siguientes tópicos: Algunos conceptos lingüísticos básicos para describir con exactitud las alteraciones del lenguaje; el sistema funcional del lenguaje en el que participan áreas persilvianas, hemisferio derecho y zonas prefrontales; las afasias que son un trastorno parcial o total del lenguaje; los pacientes afásicos considerando sus antecedentes clínicos, la actitud frente al defecto, el deterioro intelectual y otros defectos asociados; el tratamiento de las afasias que tiene por objetivo que el paciente logre una comunicación funcional y una adaptación psicosocial en relación a la alteración de lenguaje y por último, los trastornos del discurso que comprometen especialmente su contenido y su uso. En relación a las alteraciones del lenguaje lectoescrito se describirán los diferentes tipos de agrafias y alexias. Finalmente, cabe señalar dos aspectos, el primero, es que además de las afasias existen otros trastornos del lenguaje y el segundo, es que la evaluación del lenguaje es fundamental para el manejo y la rehabilitación del paciente.Palabras claves: afasia, paciente afásico, tratamiento de la afasia, trastornos del discurso, trastornos de la lectoescritura. ABSTRACTThe main purpose of the current review is to describe the language disorders in adult as a consequence of brain damage. The oral language disorders will be approached regarding the following topics: some basic linguistic concepts to describe language disturbances accurately; the functional language system involving perisylvian areas, right hemisphere and prefrontal areas; aphasia that represent a total or partial language impairment; the patient with aphasia, regarding their clinical background, their attitude towards the alteration, the cognitive impairment and other associated disorders; the aphasia treatment which has for purposes to achieve a functional communication and psychological and social adaptation considering their language impairment and, at last, the discourse impairment which affects their use and content. Regarding the reading and writing impairment, agraphia and alexia types will be described. Finally, it is important to mention two aspects: first, besides aphasia there are other language disorders and, second, language assessment is essential to the management and rehabilitation of the patient.
in 3 patients. Automatic behavior and hypnagogic hallucinations were assessed as focal epileptic seizures. Incorrect assessment of narcoleptic symptoms as epileptic seizures delayed determination of adequate diagnosis by 3 years on average. Conclusion: The most frequent mislead narcoleptic symptoms are catapletic seizures which might be considered as epileptic seizures. Targeted anamnesis for excessive daytime sleeepiness should be the basic question in differential diagnosis of paroxysmal events. Inadequate identification of narcolepsy symptoms as epileptic seizures leads to unnecessary diagnostic practice and wrong treatment, which delays statement of correct diagnosis even by several years. An Institutional Review Board has waived the requirement for its formal approval of the study.
Background: Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is due to a neurodegenerative process affecting the language areas of the dominant cerebral hemisphere, which is manifested by an insidious and progressive deterioration of language skills and eventually leads to dementia. The PPA is classified in four different variants: agrammatic (Gv), semantic (Sv), logopenic (Lv) and lexical (Lexv). Objective: To describe the verbal performance of the patients with PPA on the Progressive Aphasia Severity Scale (PASS). Materials and methods: The PASS was applied to 58 patients diagnosed with PPA based on current diagnostic criteria and after a thorough neurological and clinical examination. Each patient underwent a comprehensive language evaluation and non-verbal and neurocognitive testing. All participants conducted brain imaging scanning. Results: We observed that SvPPA cases were impaired in word retrieval, single word comprehension, and their writing and reading demonstrated some level of deterioration suggesting semantics involvement. In the LvAPP, the most affected linguistic function was word retrieval, associated with impaired repetition. This group also showed some level of deterioration in single word comprehension, reading and writing. GvPPA demonstrated articulatory errors, impaired syntax and grammar in spontaneous speech, and evidence of impairment in word retrieval, repetition, writing, all of which impacted the functional communication. LexvPPA was the group that showed mainly word retrieval deficits. Conclusion: PASS is a clinical instrument to assess the severity of the different domains of speech and language. It can be used to determine the differential diagnosis and monitoring the change overtime of the different variants.
Trastornos del Lenguaje en el Adulto Language disorders in adults RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo principal describir los trastornos del lenguaje en el adulto a consecuencia de un daño cerebral. Las alteraciones del lenguaje oral se abordarán considerando los siguientes tópicos: Algunos conceptos lingüísticos básicos para describir con exactitud las alteraciones del lenguaje; el sistema funcional del lenguaje en el que participan áreas persilvianas, hemisferio derecho y zonas prefrontales; las afasias que son un trastorno parcial o total del lenguaje; los pacientes afásicos considerando sus antecedentes clínicos, la actitud frente al defecto, el deterioro intelectual y otros defectos asociados; el tratamiento de las afasias que tiene por objetivo que el paciente logre una comunicación funcional y una adaptación psicosocial en relación a la alteración de lenguaje y por último, los trastornos del discurso que comprometen especialmente su contenido y su uso. En relación a las alteraciones del lenguaje lectoescrito se describirán los diferentes tipos de agrafias y alexias. Finalmente, cabe señalar dos aspectos, el primero, es que además de las afasias existen otros trastornos del lenguaje y el segundo, es que la evaluación del lenguaje es fundamental para el manejo y la rehabilitación del paciente. Palabras claves: afasia, paciente afásico, tratamiento de la afasia, trastornos del discurso, trastornos de la lectoescritura.
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