Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by widespread chronic pain, tenderness, stiffness, fatigue, and sleep and mood disturbances. Current evidences suggest that inflammatory mediators may have an important role in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Every day new evidences emerging of the role of the immune system and the inflammatory process in the pathophysiology of this disease. Thus, the aim of this work has been review that altered inductors, inflammatory mediators and effectors have been reported in fibromyalgia, and its relationship to disease's symptoms. If in fibromyalgia underlies widespread disruption of most characteristic components on the inflammatorý s process (endogenous inductors, mediators and effectors) is logical to think that fibromyalgia is producing a sustained inflammatory response in time, unregulated, responsible for the disease´s symptoms. Keywords:Fibromyalgia; Inflammation; HMGB1; Age; Inflammasome; Cytokines; Chemokines; Pentraxins; Lipid mediators; Monocytes; Neutrophils FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disease characterized by a widespread pain, tenderness, stiffness, fatigue, and sleep and mood disturbances. The prevalence of FM in the world ranges between 0.7% and 3.2%. It is more prevalent on women than men with a ratio women/men 20:1 (4.2% prevalence on women compared with 0.2% on men) [1] and it can develop at any age [2].The exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, but it has been proposed that the FM is a stress-related disorder that may involve a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) [3,4]. Thus, adverse life events, such as emotional, physical and sexual abuse on children and adults have been suggested to contribute to the development of FM [5][6][7].Risk factors FM have been the subject of much debate in recent research. There is no doubt that the experience of an abusive relationship, maintained over time, is a stressful situation that could be related to the presence of FM [8,9].Like all physiological systems, the immune system is under the control of the neuro-endocrine system and interacts and works in concert with other regulatory body systems, thus immune cells respond to neuroendocrine signals through specific receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Therefore, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by chronic stress situations necessarily lead to a dysregulation of the immune function. Thus, inflammation is a characteristic process of the immune system, considered a defense response that is induced by infection or trauma. However, inflammation may also be induced by stress and tissue dysfunction in the absence of infection, there is a close relationship between body homeostasis, stress response and inflammation, since inflammation has both a component response to stress as a component defense response. Inflammation and FibromyalgiaIn 2001, Wallace et al. [10] were the first to suggest that inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, could play a role in fibromyalgia. Prior results...
Research shows that exercise training programmes lead to several improvements in older adults’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and well-being. This study will examine the effects of an active retirement programme on Portuguese older adults, investigating its effects on body composition, physical fitness, HRQoL, and physical activity level (PAL). Therefore, a parallel-group randomised controlled trial will be conducted, including body composition (height and body weight), physical fitness (strength, flexibility, agility, postural control, and gait), HRQoL, and PAL assessments before and after the application of the programme. The programme will be carried out for six months, two days per week (45 min), plus a year of follow-up. The programme will consist of six circuits with eight physical exercises each. The circuits will change at the end of the four weeks (one monthly circuit). The exercises’ difficulty will increase throughout the programme, with alternatives for all the participants. If the effectiveness of the programme is demonstrated, implementation in different services and municipalities could be advised, as the actors involved in health and social services should promote the well-being of their citizens through, among others, health-related physical activity and the prevention of diseases associated with inactivity.
Background: Growth charts constitute an essential tool for monitoring adolescents’ development. In Extremadura, the percentile growth charts by Faustino Orbegozo Foundation are used. However, they are based on Basque Country population data. Considering socioeconomic differences between Spanish regions, growth chart data could not be appropriate. Aims: to describe the percentile distribution of adolescents from Extremadura and compare these percentiles with those proposed by the Faustino Orbegozo Eizaguirre Foundation that are currently applied in the Extremadura Health Service. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 4130 adolescents (12–17 years) participated into the study. Bodyweight and height were assessed. Results: Significant differences were found comparing real measured values with commonly used reference tables for bodyweight at all ages between 12 and 13 years and at 14 years in both gender (p < 0.05). Differences were also found in boys at 15, 16.5 and 17 years (p < 0.05). Regarding height, significant differences were reported at 12, 13, 14.5, 15, 16.5 and 17 years old (p < 0.05) in males; while females’ results only revealed differences at 12, 12.5, 14.5 and 15.5 years (p < 0.05). BMI outcomes showed differences in both gender at 12, 12.5, 13, 14 and 15 years old (p < 0.05). Differences were also found at 16 and 14.5 years for boys and girls, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Bodyweight, height and BMI of adolescents from Extremadura differ of the reference values currently applied. Hence, this study’s outcomes suggest the need to use new indicators, adapted to the physical and anthropometric reality of children and young people to avoid the possible normalisation of situations of thinness, overweight or obesity.
Introducción: Proliferan estudios a nivel mundial tratando de concluir sobre la naturaleza, prevalencia, factores de riesgo, consecuencias y formas de prevención e intervención en el bullying. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de bullying y factores relacionados en estudiantes adolescentes de una región de Córdoba, España. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en 325 estudiantes (48,9 % mujeres) con edades entre 12 y 16 años (M=14,97; DE=1,4) pertenecientes a 12 centros educativos. El bullying fue evaluado mediante el Cuestionario de Acoso entre Iguales (CAI). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las conductas de acoso y de acoso de género realizando un análisis bivariado y multivariado, para determinar la asociación entre las diferentes conductas de acoso y las variables sociodemográficas sexo y edad de los participantes. Resultados: La prevalencia de bullying fue 19,1%. Se encontró asociación significativa entre género y acoso mediante amenazas, exclusión social indirecta y maltrato físico. A más jóvenes sufren un mayor maltrato verbal y se sienten excluidos socialmente de forma directa. Aquellas chicas consideradas poco atractivas, y los chicos cuyo comportamiento difiere de los estereotipos de su género o van poco con chicas, tienen más probabilidades de sufrir acoso escolar. Conclusiones: Los resultados permiten concluir la relevancia del problema del acoso escolar y asociar a diversos factores y comportamientos de riesgo, que deberían ser analizados con detalle para diseñar e implementar programas preventivos apropiados.
Background: There is no agreed criteria that establishes childhood obesity thresholds based on BMI, which may be used to assess adolescent overweight/obesity. This tool has been determined at the most practical and least costly in classifying bodyweight status in adolescents. However, it is an indicator of bodyweight and not adiposity. Aims: To assess bodyweight status of Extremadura adolescents by sex and age using international, national, and regional reference criteria and comparing the different diagnoses criteria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 4130 adolescents (12–17 years). Bodyweight and height were assessed. Results: Pairwise comparisons indicates that the World Health Organization (WHO) classified 542 individuals in a different category compared to Faustino Obergozo (FO), and 1028 individuals with respect to the Extremadura adolescents’ percentiles (EX). Moreover, FO classified 684 adolescents in a different category than EX. Despite the concordance in diagnostic criteria (by Cohen’s kappa test) reported between the WHO, FO, and EX for all bodyweight categories in both sexes and all age ranges, significant differences were found (assessed by Cochran Q test and McNemar test as post-hoc) between the WHO and FO for all bodyweight proportion except in the thinness category in girls (15–17 years) and boys (12–14 years). Meaningful differences were also obtained comparing WHO and EX for each bodyweight category in all ages and sexes. Comparisons between FO and EX revealed significant differences for all bodyweight categories in all participants except for overweight in girls (12–14 years) and boys (15–17 years) and normal weight and obesity in girls (15–17 years). Conclusions: the WHO, FO, and EX criteria present different outcomes estimating overweight and/or obesity prevalence in adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years. The change from Extremadura criteria to the WHO reference will result in more adolescents being diagnosed as overweight or obese.
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