This research evaluated the influence of Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) on lesions of the facial nerve repaired with the end-to-side technique or coaptation with a new heterologous fibrin sealant. Thirty-two Wistar rats were separated into 5 groups: Control group (CG), where the buccal branch of the facial nerve was collected; Experimental Suture Group (ESG) and Experimental Fibrin Group (EFG), in which the buccal branch was end-to-side sutured to the zygomatic branch on the right side of the face or coaptated with fibrin sealant on the left side; Experimental Suture Laser Group (ESLG) and Experimental Fibrin Laser Group (EFLG), in which the same procedures were performed as the ESG and EFG, associated with PBMT (wavelength of 830nm, energy density 6.2J/cm, power output 30mW, beam area of 0.116cm, power density 0.26W/cm, total energy per session 2.16J, cumulative dose of 34.56J). The laser was applied for 24s/site at 3 points on the skin's surface, for a total application time of 72s, performed immediately after surgery and 3 times a week for 5weeks. A statistically significant difference was observed in the fiber nerve area between the EFG and EFLG (57.49±3.13 and 62.52±3.56μm, respectively). For the area of the axon, fiber diameter, axon diameter, myelin sheath area and myelin sheath thickness no statistically significant differences were found (p<0.05). The functional recovery of whisker movement occurred faster in the ESLG and EFLG, which were associated with PBMT, with results closer to the CG. Therefore, PBMT accelerated morphological and functional nerve repair in both techniques.

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-The Solimões Formation (lower Eocene-Pliocene), southwestern Brazilian Amazonia, is one of the most abundant deposits of reptiles from the Cenozoic of Brazil. Eight species of Crocodylia have been described from this formation, including taxa of all the three main extant clades: Gavialoidea (Gryposuchus and Hesperogavialis), Alligatoroidea (Caiman, Mourasuchus and Purussaurus) and Crocodyloidea (Charactosuchus). Here, we describe crocodylian fossil remains collected in 1974 by RadamBrasil Project. Specimens were described and identified to the possible lowermost systematic level. With the exception of the osteoderms, the associated postcranial elements were not identified. It is concluded that at least in one location there may have been co-occurrence of four different morphotypes (Gavialoidea indet., Purussaurus sp., Mourasuchus sp. and taxa of the Brevirostres clade, but not pertaining to Purussaurus or Mourasuchus), suggesting that they could have been contemporaneous, with habitat and niche partitioning.Key words: Crocodylia, Gavialoidea, Alligatoroidea, Solimões Formation, RadamBrasil Project, Cenozoic.RESUMO -A Formação Solimões (Eoceno inferior-Plioceno) situa-se no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira, sendo um dos depósitos fossilíferos com maior diversidade em répteis do Cenozoico brasileiro. Foram descritas oito espécies de Crocodylia para esta formação, pertencentes aos três principais clados viventes: Gavialoidea (Gryposuchus e Hesperogavialis), Alligatoroidea (Caiman, Mourasuchus e Purussaurus) e Crocodyloidea (Charactosuchus). Descrevemos aqui fragmentos fósseis coletados em 1974 sob os auspícios do Projeto RadamBrasil na Formação Solimões. Os espécimes foram descritos e identificados em seu nível sistemático menos inclusivo. Com exceção dos osteodermas, os elementos pós-cranianos associados não foram identificados. Conclui-se que pelo menos em uma localidade pode ter havido a co-ocorrência de quatro diferentes morfótipos (Gavialoidea indet., Purussaurus sp., Mourasuchus sp. e táxons do clado Brevirostres mas não pertencentes a Purussaurus ou a Mourasuchus), indicando que eles podem ter sido contemporâneos, com repartição de nichos e de hábitats.

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The literature on crocodylian anatomy presents the transverse process in an ambiguous meaning, which could represent all lateral expansions derived from the neural arch, including vertebrae from cervical to caudal series, or in a more restrictive meaning, being applied only to lumbar vertebrae. The lateral expansion of sacral and caudal vertebrae usually referred to as the transverse process has been discovered to be fused ribs, bringing more ambiguity to this term. Therefore, with the lack of a definition for transverse process and other associated terms, the present work aims to propose a nomenclatural standardization, as well as definitions and biological meaning, for vertebral rib related structures. Vertebra obtained from museum collections from a total of 87 specimens of 22 species of all extant Crocodylia genera were studied. All vertebrae, except cervical and first three dorsal, exhibit transverse processes. The transverse process is more developed in dorsal and lumbar vertebrae than in sacral and caudal vertebrae in which it is suppressed by the fused ribs. The serial homology hypotheses here proposed can also be aplied to other Crurotarsi and saurischian dinosaurs specimens. This standardization clarifies the understand of the serial homology among those homotypes, and reduces the ambiguity and misleadings in future work comparisons. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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