fThe intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a serious disorder that affects millions of people in Latin America. Cell invasion by T. cruzi and its intracellular replication are essential to the parasite's life cycle and for the development of Chagas disease. Here, we present evidence suggesting the involvement of the host's cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes during T. cruzi invasion. Pharmacological antagonists for COX-1 (aspirin) and COX-2 (celecoxib) caused marked inhibition of T. cruzi infection when rat cardiac cells were pretreated with these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 60 min at 37°C before inoculation. This inhibition was associated with an increase in the production of NO and interleukin-1␤ and decreased production of transforming growth factor ␤ (TGF-␤) by cells. Taken together, these results indicate that COX-1 more than COX-2 is involved in the regulation of anti-T. cruzi activity in cardiac cells, and they provide a better understanding of the influence of TGF-␤-interfering therapies on the innate inflammatory response to T. cruzi infection and may represent a very pertinent target for new therapeutic treatments of Chagas disease.

Cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi and its intracellular replication are essential for progression of the parasite life cycle and development of Chagas disease. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE) and other eicosanoids potently modulate host response and contribute to Chagas disease progression. In this study, we evaluated the effect of aspirin (ASA), a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor on the T. cruzi invasion and its influence on nitric oxide and cytokine production in human monocytes. The pretreatment of monocytes with ASA or SQ 22536 (adenylate-cyclase inhibitor) induced a marked inhibition of T. cruzi infection. On the other hand, the treatment of monocytes with SQ 22536 after ASA restored the invasiveness of T. cruzi. This reestablishment was associated with a decrease in nitric oxide and PGE production, and also an increase of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 by cells pre-treated with ASA. Altogether, these results reinforce the idea that the cyclooxygenase pathway plays a fundamental role in the process of parasite invasion in an in vitro model of T. cruzi infection.

O desenvolvimento do trabalho do enfermeiro no setor de urgência e emergência pode levar a exigências cotidianas que geram transtornos mentais, além de sofrimento psíquico e somático. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão sistemática de literatura de produções científicas dos anos de 2008 a 2016, referente à prevalência de transtornos mentais em profissionais de enfermagem no setor de urgência e emergência. Foram utilizados marcadores (como: Estresse Psicológico, Esgotamento Profissional, Transtorno Mental, Enfermeiro, Urgência, Emergência, Estressores e Riscos Profissionais) com apresentação dos resultados pelo método descritivo, por intermédio de quadros, sendo, portanto, um estudo do tipo secundário, cujos resultados são apresentados de forma sintética. Ao identificar esses fatores, é possível encontrar maneiras de intervir a fim de diminuir esse tipo de exposição. Findando a pesquisa, os resultados apontam para uma grande prevalência de Transtornos Mentais Comuns no âmbito da saúde, com índices maiores na área da enfermagem..