As climate change continues to impact the planet, the importance of forests is becoming increasingly emphasized. The International Co-operative Program on the Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) has been monitoring and assessing forests in 40 countries since 1985. In Republic of Korea, the first Forest Health Management (FHM) survey was a nationwide sample point assessment conducted between 2011 and 2015. However, there are limitations in representing the health of forests that occupy 63.7% of Korea’s land area due to the nature of sample point surveys, which survey a relatively small area. Accordingly, a species richness map was created to promote species diversity in forest health evaluations in Republic of Korea. The map was created using data from the first FHM survey, which examined 28 factors with 12 survey indicators in four categories: tree health, vegetation health, soil health, and atmospheric health. We conducted an ensemble modeling of species distribution for woody plant species that are major habitats in Republic of Korea. To select the species, we used the first FHM survey data and chose those with more than 100 sample points, resulting in a total of 11 species. We then created the species richness map of Republic of Korea by overlaying their distributions. To verify the accuracy of the derived map, an independent verification was conducted using statistical verification and external data from the National Natural Environment Survey. To support forest management that accounts for climate change adaptation, the derived species richness map was validated based on the vegetation climate distribution map of the Korean Peninsula, which was published by the Korea National Arboretum. The map confirmed that species richness is highest around the boundary of the deciduous forest in the central temperate zone and lowest around the evergreen and deciduous mixed forest in the southern temperate zone. By establishing this map, it was possible to confirm the spatial distribution of species by addressing the limitations of direct surveys, which are unable to represent all forests. However, it is important to note that not all factors of the first FHM survey were considered during the spatialization process, and the target area only includes Republic of Korea. Thus, further research is necessary to expand the target area and include additional items.
<p>Urban heat island is a phenomenon in which the temperature of urbanized areas is higher than that of other surrounding areas. Urban heat islands are caused by artificialization of surface cover, changes in urban shape, and increase in artificial arrangement, while Green space reduce the heat by lowering surface temperature due to reflection and evaporation of solar radiation.</p> <p>This study targeted Jeju Island, which had the most heat waves and tropical nights in South Korea ,and evaluate the heat mitigation ability under the biological mechanism between the physical environment that generates urban heat and green space that reduce urban heat. In addition, the change in heat mitigation according to the change in the type of land cover over 30 years (late 1980s to late 2010s) was analyzed.</p> <p>In this study, the InVEST urban cooling model was used to evaluate the heat mitigation ability in the city. The InVEST urban cooling model calculates an index of heat mitigation based on shade, evapotranspiration, and albedo, as well as distance from cooling islands.</p> <p>As a result, From the late 1980s to the late 1990s, the area of Grade1 decreased by 63.79&#13218; , while the area of Grade2(17.68&#13218;), Grade3(32.92&#13218;) , Grade4(8.10&#13218;), Grade 5(5.01&#13218;) are increased. And from the late 1990s to the late 2000s, the area of Grade1(37.51&#13218;), Grade3(0.88&#13218;), Grade4(1.35&#13218;) are decreased, while the area of Grade2(31.37&#13218;), Grade5(8.38&#13218;) are increased. Further more the late 2000s to the late 2010s, the area of Grade1 rapidly decreased by 501.57&#13218;, while the area of Grade2(368.59&#13218;), Grade3(102.46&#13218;) , Grade4(22.16&#13218;), Grade5(8.36&#13218;) are increased. Under the time series analysis, areas that are constantly vulnerable or show rapid grade changes can be viewed as vulnerable areas. It is necessary to establish the urban heat reduction policy, such as land cover changes and expanding green areas, in consideration of environmental characteristics,&#160;focusing on these vulnerable areas.</p> <div data-hjsonver="1.0" data-jsonlen="10140">&#160;</div> <p>&#8251; This work was supported by Korea Environment Industry &Technology Institute (KEITI) through "Climate Change R&D Project for New Climate Regime.", funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (No. 202201344001)</p> <div data-hjsonver="1.0" data-jsonlen="7531">&#160;</div>
The purposes of this study are to apply species distribution modeling in urban management planning for habitat conservation in non-urban area and to provide a detailed classification method for management zone. To achieve these objectives, Species Distribution Model was used to generate species richness and then to compare with the results from land suitability assessment. 59 species distribution models were developed by Maxent. This study used 15 model
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