Biceps brachii muscle illness is one of the common physical disabilities that requires rehabilitation exercises in order to build up the strength of the muscle after surgery. It is also important to monitor the condition of the muscle during the rehabilitation exercise through electromyography (EMG) signals. The purpose of this study was to analyse and investigate the selection of the best mother wavelet (MWT) function and depth of the decomposition level in the wavelet denoising EMG signals through the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method at each decomposition level. In this experimental work, six healthy subjects comprised of males and females (26 ± 3.0 years and BMI of 22 ± 2.0) were selected as a reference for persons with the illness. The experiment was conducted for three sets of resistance band loads, namely, 5 kg, 9 kg, and 16 kg, as a force during the biceps brachii muscle contraction. Each subject was required to perform three levels of the arm angle positions (30°, 90°, and 150°) for each set of resistance band load. The experimental results showed that the Daubechies5 (db5) was the most appropriate DWT method together with a 6-level decomposition with a soft heursure threshold for the biceps brachii EMG signal analysis.
In this paper, the effectiveness of the active bumper system to reduce the jerk of a vehicle during collision is discussed. The mathematical model is done by using MATLAB 7.0 to simulate a collision between a pendulum and a vehicle installed with the active bumper system. In the active bumper system, it consists of three parts which are magnetorheological(MR) model, inner controller and outer loop controller. The validated model is used to develop an inner loop controller by implementing a close-loop PI control to track the desired damping force through simulation. The governing equations of motions of vehicle collision and MR damper model are then integrated with the well known control strategy namely skyhook control. The performance of skyhook control is then compared with the vehicle with passive damper and common vehicle by using computer simulation in order to reduce the acceleration and the jerk of the vehicle during collision.
Top spray granulation process is a common technique used widely in pharmaceutical, food and special chemical modification for fertilizer manufacturing. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of studies regarding to the description of controlled parameters with dynamic correlation in targeting to produce urea granules. Thus, this research was carried out to introduce the crucial applied process parameters using top spray technique for paddy urea fertilizer production.The acquisition process parameter readings were verified by obtained yield of urea granules (UG) which featured as an optimum particle diameter size from 2 mm to 6 mm with reasonable hardness (crush strength) in range 2.0 kg/granule to 4.0 kg/granule, these criteria were required as a slow - release mechanism during soil adsorption interaction in paddy field to reduce amount of fertilizer consumption. Three significant parameters have been selected namely as air inlet temperature, the viscosity of binder solution and rate of top spraying from starch liquid binder to generate greater UG size from wet granulation interaction with smooth coalescence and consolidation growth . The data classification was screened by One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) 101 method and supported by 2 levels and 3 factors (23 ) of full factorial design for clear description to vindicate the critical parameter required during urea granulation using fluidized bed granulator corresponds to low energy consumption and economical process. The obtained parameter readings and findings of UG features were useful to be applied further for detail investigation on next stage regarding to agglomeration profile and mechanism using CCD camera and PDA monitoring devices.
This paper focuses on the works to model the aluminium honeycomb with the effect of meshing size that implemented into a shell body of the honeycomb and frictional force that introduced into an interaction between the honeycomb and rigid plates. The model is performed by using ABAQUS 6.12 in the explicit environment. The honeycomb with 0.0127 m cell size is modelled and three types of mesh size which are 3 mm, 1 mm and 0.8 mm are analysed based on buckling mode and load-displacement characteristics. No friction coefficient is applied during simulation. From this simulation, 1 mm meshing size is the optimize value where the load-compression pattern graph is almost similar like the experimental result compared with others meshing size. But the buckling mode is slightly different compared with the experimental result where the bottom part of honeycomb made the contract or negative expand behaviour. In order to avoid this behaviour, the friction coefficient is introduced between the honeycomb surface and rigid plates surface. Two values of friction coefficient are tested which are 0.1 and 0.3. The findings is the frictional coefficient 0.3 and meshing size 1 mm are optimized values that can avoid the contract behaviour and the result of buckling mode is similar with the experimental result.
Collision of structure of a vehicle is not limited to the axial direction but it can occur laterally. The purpose of this paper is to present a study of the energy absorption behavior of different length of the circular mild steel tube under lateral crushing. A ring/tube (length of 10 mm, 35 mm, and 60 mm), 60 mm diameter and 1.5 mm thickness is compressed quasi-statically. Maximum loading setup to Instron machine was 50 kN. The speed of compression is 5mm/min. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) it used to validate the experimental work to ensure of getting accurate results. Numerical results of energy absorption and collapse load showed respectively 96.52% and 94.36% agreement with experimental results. The theoretical results showed 14.37% deviation with experimental and 15.5% with numerical results. The specimen with 60 mm length leads to better energy absorption than the other specimens. The results obtained numerically and experimentally in addition to theoretically showed the energy absorbed and collapse load varies with the length of the tube.
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