Background
Several coronavirus vaccine have been fast-tracked to halt the pandemic, the usage of immune adjuvants that can boost immunological memory has come up to the surface. This is particularly of importance in view of the rates of failure of seroconversion and re-infection after COVID-19 infection, which could make the vaccine role and response debatable. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have an established immune-modulatory role, but their effects as adjuvants to vaccination have not been explored to date.
Main body of the abstract
It is increasingly recognized that PPAR agonists can upregulate the levels of anti-apoptotic factors such as MCL-1. Such effect can improve the results of vaccination by enhancing the longevity of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). The interaction between PPAR agonists and the immune system does not halt here, as T cell memory is also stimulated through enhanced T regulatory cells, antagonizing PD-L1 and switching the metabolism of T cells to fatty acid oxidation, which has a remarkable effect on the persistence of T memory cells. What is even of a more significant value is the effect of PPAR gamma on ensuring a profound secretion of antibodies upon re-exposure to the offending antigen through upregulating lipoxin B4, therefore potentially assisting the vaccine response and deterring re-infection.
Short conclusion
In view of the above, we suggest the use of PPAR as adjuvants to vaccines in general especially the emerging COVID-19 vaccine due to their role in enhancing immunologic memory through DNA-dependent mechanisms.
B leACheD cotton fabrics were pre-treated with Moringa oleifera leaf extract as natural bioactive materials to impart the fabrics dual antibacterial and sun protective properties. The fabrics were the treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO 2 NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) separately with concentration 2wt.% and 1 wt.% respectively in presence of 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxlyic acid(BTCA) as non-formaldehyde crosslinking agent by using pad dry cure method. The treated cotton fabrics were evaluated via monitoring morphological changes of the fibers by using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy(SEM&EDX), mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break),roughness, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). In addition, evaluation of antibacterial activity the treated fabrics by using disk inhibition zone. Research output disclosed that the fabrics treated with moringa extract and then with titanium dioxide nanometal oxide powder show the best results.
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