A prospective study was made of 125 ureteric stones in order to detect factors which would predict the successful outcome of conservative treatment. The factors studied were the duration of pain prior to presentation, pyuria, haematuria, surface regularity of the stone and the degree of obstruction as seen radiologically. In stones less than or equal to 10 mm in size, conservative treatment was successful when the duration of pain was less than 30 days (39/45), when there was no significant pyuria (53/82), when the stones had an irregular surface (44/65) and when obstruction was only partial (55/88). Since most of these factors were interactive, further statistical analysis showed that duration of pain was the only significant factor in predicting the outcome of conservative treatment. In stones greater than 10 mm in size these factors had no predictive value and only 2/23 were passed spontaneously on conservative treatment.

Background: Although renal replacement therapy prevents death from uremia, survival among patients with acute and chronic kidney diseases (CKD) remains an imperative concern. The expected life span of US dialysis patients 60–64 years of age is approximately 4.5 years; this is similar to that of patients with lung cancer. Despite substantial progress in many medical specialties over the past decades (e.g., notable reductions in myocardial infarction, stroke, and mortality rates in the general population), survival among dialysis patients has not improved significantly over the same period. A few decades ago, HIV infection and AIDS were pretty much a death sentence. Because of progress in HIV treatment, now it can be controlled with a daily pill, and ongoing research is pushing treatment even further and controls the virus with longer-acting treatment. A cure is no longer impossible for HIV and other viral infections such as hepatitis B and C and many malignancies, but so far there is no cure for CKD. Summary: Billions of dollars have been spent on kidney disease research in the past decades, with no tangible progress in clinical practice. The challenges of improving the quantity and quality of trials in nephrology are enormous. The number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in nephrology is lower than that in other medical subspecialties, and most of the big RCTs in nephrology yield negative results. Nephrology studies evaluating hard clinical endpoints or surrogate endpoints are scarce. Key Message: Herein we discuss the slow progress in nephrology research that has impacted clinical practice over the last couple of decades and highlight the major obstacles, challenges, and potential solutions.

Seeking ways to diminish Egypt's dependency on foreign oil imports, we had to look for the obvious resources to exploit. Oil shale is one of Egypt's resources that are left abandoned and not used. This project is aiming at introducing both experimental analysis for oil shale in Egypt and the best production technique for it. This study is about experimentally analyzing different samples of potential oil shale fields in Egypt. Samples that are analyzed in this project are from two locations in Egypt: Quseir-Safaga and Abu-Tartur Western Desert, and they are compared to one of the best oil shale fields in the world, which is from Green River Formation Colorado. The experiments were done using AUC lab retort to experimentally determine the critical temperature that will lead to the maximum production using sudden and gradual change in temperatures, which turned out to be sudden change at 500˚C. Thereafter, the degree of API gravity was calculated for each run. Then the oil samples were determined for impurities and liquid chromatography results in the Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Part two of the study plan has been included to determine the ultimate ways of producing efficiently, ecologically and economically.

Background: Glutathione peroxidases are major antioxidant molecules, involved in redox homeostasis in cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cancer stem cells are implicated in tumor progression, recurrence, and therapy resistance. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of glutathione peroxidase2 (GPx2) and the stem cell-related marker (SOX2) immunohistochemical expression in relation to survival in colonic carcinoma patients. Patients and Methods: GPx2 and SOX2 immunohistochemical expressions were assessed in 85 cases of stage II and III colonic carcinomas and their relation to the clinicopathologic parameters and patients' survival was evaluated. Results: High GPx2 expression was detected in 51.8% of cases, while only 25.9% of cases showed high SOX2 expression. GPx2 expression was significantly related to tumor grade, lymph node status, pathological tumor stage, lymphovascular invasion, as well as perineural infiltration. High SOX2 expression was significantly associated with tumor grade, lymph node invasion, pathological stage, and lymphovascular invasion. A significant relation was also detected between GPx2 and SOX2 expression. Both high GPx2 and high SOX2 were significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Conclusions: High expression of GPx2 and SOX2 in colonic carcinoma is associated with features of aggressive tumor behavior, including poor tumor differentiation, lymph nodal status, advanced stage, lymphovascular invasion, and poor patients' survival. Additionally, the expression of GPx2 in colonic carcinoma was significantly related to SOX2 expression. These markers can be considered prognostic markers for colonic carcinoma.

Background: Lung carcinoma is one of the most popular solid malignancies and is one of the most important sources of death all over the world. Unfortunately, drug resistance led to poor prognosis, high rate of recurrence and decreased survival (OS) in sick people have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Both CTLA-4 and PDL-1 checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in increased patient survival in a number of studies of melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study aimed to detect CTLA-4 and PD-L1immunoexpression in relation to various clinicopathological parameters and survival in NSCLC patients. Material and methods: Forty cases of NSCLC patients underwent surgical resection or bronchoscopy biopsy with no history of radiotherapy or chemotherapy were included. Results: Positive expression of CTLA4 was recognized in 31 (77.5%) of NSCLC patients. Positive PD-L1 results were found in 28 (70%) of NSCLC patients. There were significant relations between CTLA4 expression and high tumor grade (p value = 0.024) & tumor stage (p value = 0.010). There were significant relations between expression of PD-L1 and high tumor grade (p value = 0.012), tumor stage (p value = 0.012), histologic type (p value = 0.016), and smoking status (p value = 0.041). Although no significant relation was noted between either result of PD-L1 or CTLA4 and survival, positive expression was associated with shorter survival. (p value=0.816, p value= 0.130). Elevated serum PD-L1 level had been elevated in patients with positive PD-L1 expression (p < 0.001). Conclusions: CTLA4 and PD-L1are strongly associated with the prognosis of NSCLC. Their immunohistochemical expression may help in recognizing the adequate therapy for NSCLC patients.