Intelligent tires can be employed for a wide array of applications ranging from tire pressure monitoring to analyzing tire/road interactions, wheel loading as well as tread wear monitoring. In this paper we develop a measurement system for intelligent tires equipped with a 3-dimensional piezoresistive force sensor. The output of the sensor is segmented into tire revolution cycles, which are then represented by a transformation relying on adaptive Hermite functions. The underlying idea behind this step is to extract relevant features which capture tire dynamics. Then we evaluate the proposed measurement system in a potential vehicle application, that is, abnormal road surface detection. We deal with the corresponding binary classification problem by developing both low-complexity analytical and data-driven machine learning algorithms, which are tested on real-world measurement data. Our experiments showed that the proposed methods are able to detect abnormalities on the road surface with a mean accuracy of over 97%.
Fully implantable, self-powered hearing aids with no external unit could significantly increase the life quality of patients suffering severe hearing loss. This highly demanding concept, however, requires a strongly miniaturized device which is fully implantable in the middle/inner ear and includes the following components: frequency selective microphone or accelerometer, energy harvesting device, speech processor, and cochlear multielectrode. Here we demonstrate a low volume, piezoelectric micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) cantilever array which is sensitive, even in the lower part of the voice frequency range (300–700 Hz). The test array consisting of 16 cantilevers has been fabricated by standard bulk micromachining using a Si-on-Insulator (SOI) wafer and aluminum nitride (AlN) as a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and biocompatible piezoelectric material. The low frequency and low device footprint are ensured by Archimedean spiral geometry and Si seismic mass. Experimentally detected resonance frequencies were validated by an analytical model. The generated open circuit voltage (3–10 mV) is sufficient for the direct analog conversion of the signals for cochlear multielectrode implants.
The influence of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), the new antidiutetic polypeptide without any side effects on plasma cortisol, was investigated in 30 healthy persons. A dose of 4 mug DDAVP administered intravenously induced a rise in plasma cortisol (hydrocortisone) levels greater than 3.5 mug/100 ml in 12 out of 20 persons studied. In this group (group I), the average increase at 15 minutes was 6.92+/-1.74 mug/100 ml (P less than 0.005), while in the remaining eight persons (group II) plasma cortisol levels decreased according to the usual normal daily rhythm. DDAVP, 80 mug, administered intranasally had no demonstrable influence on physiologic plasma cortisol regulation. On the basis of the present findings with relatively low doses, pituitary responsiveness (ACTH release) might be expected to occur in a higher percentage of persons after giving high intravenous doses of DDAVP. Further efforts are necessary to develop a safe vasopressin test for clinical examination of adenohypophyseal function.
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