Recent emergence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 variant as OMICRON has become a global concern. This short note highlights the identification and global spread of OMICRON which has spread over 77 nations by now, which resulted in many hypotheses about its origin and degree of infectivity. The detection of mutations in the RBD region of Spike protein is a concern by surpassing vaccine immunity. The ahead will speak about its transmission potentiality, infectivity, disease morbidity as well as its effect on COVID‐19 vaccines.

Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become an on-going global health emergency affecting over 94 million cases with more than 2 million deaths globally. Primarily identified as atypical pneumonia, it has developed into severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a multi-organ dysfunction with associated fatality. Ever since its emergence, COVID-19 with its plethora of clinical presentations has signalled its dynamic nature and versatility of the disease process. Being a disease with droplet transmission has now assumed the proportion of a suspected airborne nature which, once proved, poses a Herculean task to control. Because of the wide distribution of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (hACE2) receptors, known for its transmission, we envisage its multiorgan spread and extensive disease distribution. Thus, an extensive review of the extrapulmonary organotropism of SARS-CoV-2 with organ-specific pathophysiology and associated manifestations like dermatological complications, myocardial dysfunction, gastrointestinal symptoms, neurologic illnesses, hepatic and renal injury is needed urgently. The plausible mechanism of site-specific viral invasion is also discussed to give a comprehensive understanding of disease complexity, to help us to focus on research priorities and therapeutic strategies to counter the disease progression. A note on the latest advancements in vaccine research will enlighten the scientific world and equip it for better preparedness.

Background and aims Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with a high mortality rate in the absence of liver transplantation. There is limited data on predictors of survival in ACLF in children. Therefore, we prospectively studied the predictors of outcome of ACLF in children. Methods A prospective evaluation of 31 children in the age group of 1-16 years who fulfilled the criteria for ACLF according to Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2008 consensus was done. All consecutive children were evaluated for etiology, diagnosis and severity of ACLF. For grading of organ dysfunction, the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was calculated. SOFA constitutes the parameters of respiration, coagulation, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and renal and liver functions. We evaluated possible correlation between outcomes and different variables. Results Of the 31 children who fulfilled the criteria for ACLF, the common underlying chronic liver diseases (CLD) were autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in 41.9% and Wilson disease in 41.9% of the patients. Superinfection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) (41.9%) was the most common etiology of acute deterioration. To find the best predictor for outcome, linear regression analysis was performed. Multivariate analysis revealed that the SOFA score and the International Normalized Ratio (INR) were predictors of survival. Six (19.4%) patients died. Causes of death were multiorgan failure in four and liver failure in two patients. Conclusion The mortality in ACLF is 19.4% and the causes of death were multiorgan failure and liver failure. The SOFA score and INR were predictors of outcome of ACLF in children.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is implicated in many outbreaks of viral hepatitis in the Indian subcontinent. The conventional diagnosis of such outbreaks rests on the detection of anti-HEV IgM antibodies. However, IgM antibodies develop after 4-5 days of infection. An early-diagnostic marker is imperative for timely diagnosis of the outbreak and also initiation of control measures. This study aimed to determine the use of hepatitis E virus antigen detection as an early diagnostic marker in an outbreak in comparison to anti-HEV IgM and RT-PCR analyses. Forty samples were collected during a suspected outbreak of viral hepatitis due to HEV. A total of 36 samples were positive for one or more HEV markers. The positivity for anti-HEV IgM, HEV antigen, and RT-PCR was 91.6%, 69.4%, and 47.2% respectively. RT-PCR and HEV antigen detection gave the highest positive results (100%) in the first 3 days of illness. Positive HEV PCR declined to 54% by Days 4-7, whereas HEV antigen and IgM detection were 88% and 100%, respectively. Sequencing of representative HEV samples indicated that the strains responsible for this outbreak belonged to genotype I, subtype 1a. HEV antigen was found to be an early diagnostic marker of acute infection. HEV antigen was detected in three additional cases in the early phase (1-3 days), and they had no detectable anti-HEV IgM antibodies. These three samples were also positive for HEV RNA. After Day 7, anti-HEV IgM was the main diagnostic indicator of infection.

The pulmonary findings are similar to those described in past pandemics. Secondary fungal and viral infections, which have not been reported previously, were noted. Although the number of cases in this study is small, the findings reinforce the notion that changes in extrapulmonary organs are attributable to multiorgan dysfunction syndrome rather than a viral cytopathic effect, and that there is no transplacental transmission of virus.

Background & Aims There is emerging data on the use of Sofosbuvir‐based directly acting antiviral (DAA) drug regimens in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of Sofosbuvir plus Velpatasvir fixed‐dose combination in CHC patients with ESRD on MHD. Methods Fifty‐one CHC patients with ESRD on MHD were included in a real‐life prospective study. All patients irrespective of genotype; presence of cirrhosis; treatment naive or experienced status were treated with full‐dose Sofosbuvir (400 mg) plus Velpatasvir (100 mg) fixed‐dosed combination given daily for 12 weeks. The efficacy was assessed by the sustained virological response (SVR12) with negative HCV RNA 12 weeks after the end of treatment (ETR). Side effects if any were recorded in all patients. Results The median HCV RNA level in 51 CHC patients [Males 41 (80.4%), mean age 42.8 ± 14.6 years] was 2.0 × 106 IU/mL. HCV genotype was available in 19 patients with predominant genotype 1 in 15 (79%) patients. Ten (19.6%) patients had evidence of cirrhosis (defined as LSM ≥ 12.5 kPa on Transient Elastography), and 8 (15.6%) patients were treatment experienced. Testing for ETR was done in 36 patients and all 36 (100%) patients achieved ETR, and 49 patients (96%) achieved SVR 12. All 51 patients tolerated the Sofosbuvir + Velpatasvir combination, with none of the patients reporting any serious adverse event. Conclusion Sofosbuvir plus Velpatasvir fixed‐dose combination is safe and effective in treating CHC in patients with ESRD on MHD.

Treatment refractoriness of oral lesions was significantly associated with duration of disease/oral lesions; specific morphology and location of oral lesions; and the presence of HSV DNA in the oral cavity. These factors may forewarn the treating physician about a refractory course of oral lesions that may help with counselling patients.

In December 2019, suddenly 54 cases of viral pneumonia emerged in Wuhan, China, caused by some unknown microorganism. The virus responsible for these pneumonia infections was identified as novel coronavirus of the family Coronaviridae. The novel coronavirus was renamed as COVID-19 by WHO. Infection from the virus has since increased exponentially and has spread all over the world in more than 196 countries. The WHO