The Freezing Melting (F/M) is considered one of the most sustainable desalination techniques in terms of energy consumption compared with commercial desalination. However, it presents some problems, especially salt trapping in the ice. In this paper, an experimental analysis is carried out to achieve a better understanding of saline ions displacement observed during the freezing of saline water. Different sizes, freezing temperatures and, geometries are tested using the F/M progressive desalination. It is found that salt diffusion improves with increasing the container length. Moreover, for all container geometries, the saline ion diffusion direction is from the bottom to the top of the formed ice. Furthermore, at low freezing temperature (−8°C), it is possible to purify 78.8 % of the frozen water, obtaining an easy-to-separate brine.
Using cellular automata (CA) Nagel–Schreckenberg (NaSch) model, we numerically study the probability P ac of the occurrence of car accidents at nonsignalized intersection when drivers do not respect the priority rules. We also investigated the impact of mixture lengths and velocities of vehicles on this probability. It is found that in the first case, where vehicles distinguished only by their lengths, the car accidents start to occur above a critical density ρc. Furthermore, the increase of the fraction of long vehicles (FL) delays the occurrence of car accidents (increasing ρc) and increases the risk of collisions when ρ > ρc. In other side, the mixture of maximum velocities (with same length for all vehicles) leads to the appearance of accidents at the intersection even in the free flow regime. Moreover, the increase of the fraction of fast vehicles (Ff) reduces the accident probability (P ac ). The influence of roads length is also studied. We found that the decrease of the roads length enhance the risk of collision.
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