Human lifespan continues to extend as an unprecedented number of people reach their seventh and eighth decade of life, unveiling chronic conditions that affect the older adult. Such skin conditions include senile purpura, seborrheic keratoses, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, diabetic foot wounds, and skin cancer. Current methods of drug testing prior to clinical trials require the use of pre-clinical animal models, which are often unable to adequately replicate human skin response. A reliable model for aged human skin is needed. Current challenges in developing an aged human skin model include the intrinsic variability in skin architecture from person-to-person. An ideal skin model would incorporate innate functionality such as sensation, vascularization, and regeneration. The advent of 3D bioprinting allows us to create human skin equivalent for use as clinical-grade surgical graft, for drug testing, and other needs. In this review, we describe the process of human skin aging and outline the steps to create an aged skin model with 3D bioprinting using skin cells (i.e., keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes). We also provide an overview of current bioprinted skin models, associated limitations, and direction for future research.

The number of soft tissue filler injections performed by aesthetic injectors has continued to increase over the last few years. To provide a high standard of safety and achieve individualized, reproducible, and long-lasting outcomes, aesthetic injectors must have a solid foundation in anatomy, facial biomechanics, rheology, and injection biomechanics. Adverse events associated with soft tissue filler injections can be severe, especially if the aesthetic injector unintentionally injects the soft tissue filler into the patient's arterial vascular circulation and the administered product reaches the arterial bloodstream. Although the face has a rich arterial vascular supply that may seem overwhelmingly complex, it can be broken down systematically according to its internal and external vascular territories. To provide guidance for aesthetic practitioners performing minimally invasive facial injections for aesthetic purposes, this narrative article will discuss the course, depth, and branching pattern of the facial arteries based on the most frequently injected anatomical regions. In this article, we focus on vascular safe zones rather than danger zones.

No abstract

The number of soft tissue filler injections performed by aesthetic injectors has continued to increase over the last few years. To provide a high standard of safety and achieve individualized, reproducible, and long-lasting outcomes, aesthetic injectors must have a solid foundation in anatomy, facial biomechanics, rheology, and injection biomechanics. Adverse events associated with soft tissue filler injections can be severe, especially if the aesthetic injector unintentionally injects the soft tissue filler into the patient's arterial vascular circulation and the administered product reaches the arterial bloodstream. Although the face has a rich arterial vascular supply that may seem overwhelmingly complex, it can be broken down systematically according to its internal and external vascular territories. To provide guidance for aesthetic practitioners performing minimally invasive facial injections for aesthetic purposes, this narrative article will discuss the course, depth, and branching pattern of the facial arteries based on the most frequently injected anatomical regions. In this article, we focus on vascular safe zones rather than danger zones.

No abstract