Response surface methodology is widely used for process development and optimisation, product design, and as part of the modern framework for robust parameter design. For normally distributed responses, the standard second-order designs such as the central composite design and the Box-Behnken design have relatively high D and G efficiencies. In situations where these designs are inappropriate, standard computer software can be used to construct D-optimal and I-optimal designs for fitting second-order models. When the response distribution is either binomial or Poisson, the choice of an appropriate design is not as straightforward. We illustrate the construction of D-optimal second-order designs for these situations and show that they are considerably better choices than the standard designs. We present an example applying this approach to optimisation of an etching process.
The areas of application for design of experiments principles have evolved, mimicking the growth of U.S. industries over the last century, from agriculture to manufacturing to chemical and process industries to the services and government sectors. In addition, statistically based quality programs adopted by businesses morphed from total quality management to Six Sigma and, most recently, statistical engineering (see Hoerl and Snee 2010). The good news about these transformations is that each evolution contains more technical substance, embedding the methodologies as core competencies, and is less of a ''program.'' Design of experiments is fundamental to statistical engineering and is receiving increased attention within large government agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Department of Defense. Because test policy is intended to shape test programs, numerous test agencies have experimented with policy wording since about 2001. The Director of Operational Test & Evaluation has recently (2010) published guidelines to mold test programs into a sequence of well-designed and statistically defensible experiments. Specifically, the guidelines require, for the first time, that test programs report statistical power as one proof of sound test design. This article presents the underlying tenents of design of experiments, as applied in the Department of Defense, focusing on factorial, fractional factorial, and response surface design and analyses. The concepts of statistical modeling and sequential experimentation are also emphasized. Military applications are presented for testing and evaluation of weapon system acquisition, including force-on-force tactics, weapons employment and maritime search, identification, and intercept.KEYWORDS factorial design, optimal design, power, response surface methodology, space filling design, test and evaluation WHY DOES THE DEFENSE COMMUNITY NEED DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS?Any organization serious about testing should embrace methods and a general strategy that will cover the range of product employment, extract the most information in limited trials, and identify parameters affecting
There are many situations in which the requirements of a standard experimental design do not fit the research requirements of the problem. Three such situations occur when the problem requires unusual resource restrictions, when there are constraints on the design region, and when a nonstandard model is expected to be required to adequately explain the response. This article provides an introduction to optimal design for these types of situations. Optimal designs are computer-generated experiments that are aimed at satisfying specific research problem requirements. We show that the optimal design approach is applicable to any design problem and necessary when there are situations involving resource constraints or nonstandard design regions or models. The mathematical formulations of several design optimality criteria are presented along with examples of optimal design applications.
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