Studies involving antimicrobial-coated endotracheal tubes are scarce, and new approaches to control multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm on these devices should be investigated. In this study, five new P. aeruginosa bacteriophages from domestic sewage were isolated. All of them belong to the order Caudovirales , Myoviridae family. They are pH and heat stable and produce 27 to 46 particles after a latent period of 30 min at 37°C. Their dsDNA genome (ranging from ∼62 to ∼65 kb) encodes 65 to 89 different putative proteins. They exhibit a broad lytic spectrum and infect 69.7% of the P. aeruginosa strains tested. All the bacteriophages were able to reduce the growth of P. aeruginosa strains in planktonic form. The bacteriophages were also able to reduce the biofilm viability rates and the metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa strains in a model of biofilms associated with endotracheal tubes. In addition, scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed disrupted biofilms and cell debris after treatment of bacteriophages, revealing remarkable biofilm reduction. The lytic activity on multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa biofilm indicates that the isolated bacteriophages might be considered as good candidates for therapeutic studies and for the application of bacteriophage-encoded products.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, the effect of different pre-irradiation times of the photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy in biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, through the evaluation of the microbial load. The factors under study were as follows: times of pre-irradiation of the photosensitizer in three levels (1, 2, or 5 min). For the control of the cariogenic dental biofilm with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), methylene blue (0.01%) was used in association with the diode laser (InGaAlP) with a wavelength of 660 nm. Chlorhexidine digluconate (0.12% CHX) and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The study design was carried out in complete and randomized blocks. The sample consisted of 15 S. mutans biofilms cultures, randomly divided into five groups and 15 C. albicans cultures, also divided into five groups. The experiment was performed in triplicate (n = 3) and the response variables were obtained through quantitative analysis of bacterial viability, expressed in colony-forming units (CFU) per square millimeter of the specimen area. The data were analyzed with the aid of the ANOVA one-way test and Tukey's post-test. All analyses were performed using the Graph Pad Prism 4.0 program, with a significance level of 5%. For the S. mutans group, only the saline solution presented a statistically significant difference when compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05), that is, the treatment with aPDT, irrespective of the irradiation time applied, was similar to the treatment with CHX and both were more effective in reducing cariogenic biofilm compared to saline. For the group of C. albicans, there was no statistical difference between the groups (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the treatment with aPDT reduced the number of CFUs of S. mutans in a similar way to CHX, independently of the pre-irradiation time applied. No effect of this therapy or of the different pre-irradiation times on the C. albicans biofilm could be observed. In this way, the pre-irradiation time of 1 min can be used to reduce the microbial load of S. mutans.
Objective: To identify the antimicrobial agents used in the prevention of biofilm formation on artificial pacemakers. Methods: Literature review, in order to answer the following question: "What antimicrobial agents are applied to prevent biofilm formation on artificial pacemakers?" The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane, CINAHL, Embase, and LILACS were used in all languages and without time restriction. Results: The final sample consisted of five primary studies, mostly experimental laboratory ones. The investigations identified agents with promising potential for reduction or inhibition of biofilm formation on pacemakers. An association between physical-chemical agents and pharmacological antimicrobials was highlighted. Conclusion: Prevention of biofilm formation on pacemakers is feasible. Among the agents that stood out were rifampicin, AIGIS ® , aqueous neobactrim formulation, and a plasma coating using a combination of trimethylsilane and oxygen for coating deposition. ResumoObjetivo: Identificar os agentes antimicrobianos utilizados na prevenção da formação de biofilme em marcapassos artificiais. Métodos: Revisão da literatura para responder a seguinte questão: "Quais agentes antimicrobianos são usados para prevenir a formação de biofilmes em marcapassos artificiais?" As bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane, CINAHL, Embas e e LILACS foram consultadas em todos os idiomas sem restrição de tempo. Resultados: A amostra final apresentou cinco estudos primários, sendo a maioria experimental. As investigações identificaram agentes com potencial para a redução ou inibição da formação de biofilmes em marcapassos. Destacou-se a associação de agentes físico-químicos e farmacológicos aos agentes antimicrobianos. Conclusão: A prevenção da formação de biofilmes em marcapassos é viável. Os agentes mais promissores para obter este efeito foram a rifampicina, AIGIS ® , a formulação aquosa neobactrim e a cobertura com trimetilsilano e oxigênio em superfícies tratadas com plasma.
Objective: to propose an instrument capable of identifying cognitive and curricular attributes obtained by nursing undergraduates about patient safety. Methodology: this is a methodological study, based on the Multi-professional Patient Safety Curriculum Guide and tracking terms identified in the literature. Participated 17 judges who composed a committee for face-content validation regarding semantic and idiomatic equivalence. Results: The theoretical attributes that support the knowledge of nursing undergraduates to act based on the principles of patient safety were structured in 46 items, later subdivided into eight domains that composed the instrument. The items seek to evaluate from organizational and training aspects to acting in stages. Conclusion: the identification of the topics will allow / contribute to future analyzes and reflections from the perspective of nursing undergraduates, who provide subsidies to the teaching, research and extension triad in order to provide an iatrogenic free assistance. Descriptors: Patient Safety; Curriculum; Education, Higher. RESUMOObjetivo: propor um instrumento capaz de identificar atributos cognitivos e curriculares obtidos por graduandos de enfermagem acerca da segurança do paciente. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo de caráter metodológico, baseado no Multi-professional Patient Safety Curriculum Guide e termos rastreadores identificados na literatura. Participaram 17 juízes que compuseram um comitê para validação de face-conteúdo referente à equivalência semântica e idiomática. Resultados: os atributos teóricos que sustentam o conhecimento dos graduandos de enfermagem para atuação baseada nos princípios da segurança do paciente foram estruturados em 46 itens, posteriormente subdivididos em oito domínios que compuseram o instrumento. Os itens buscam avaliar desde aspectos organizacionais e de formação a atuação em estágios. Conclusão: a identificação dos tópicos permitirá / contribuirá para futuras análises e reflexões a partir da perspectiva dos graduandos em enfermagem, que forneçam subsídios à tríade ensino, pesquisa e extensão, com intuito de prover uma assistência livre de iatrogenias. Descritores: Infecção hospitalar; Unidade de terapia intensiva; Procedimentos invasivos. RESUMÉNObjetivo: proponer un instrumento capaz de identificar atributos cognitivos y curriculares obtenidos por graduandos de enfermería acerca de la seguridad del paciente. Metodología: se trata de un estudio de carácter metodológico, basado en el Multi-professional Patient Safety Curriculum Guide y términos rastreadores identificados en la literatura. Participaron 17 jueces que compusieron un comité para la validación de cara-contenido referente a la equivalencia semántica e idiomática. Resultados: los atributos teóricos que sostienen el conocimiento de los graduandos de enfermería para actuación basada en los principios de la seguridad del paciente fueron estructurados en 46 ítems, posteriormente subdivididos en ocho dominios que compusieron el instrumento. Los ítems buscan evalua...
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