This retrospective cohort study evaluates the effect of chronic antimicrobial suppression (CAS) therapy on clinical outcomes in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) and a history of device-related infection. Patients with CF-LVAD implantation between January 2008 and August 2011 who received systemic CAS after index antibiotic treatment of a device-related infection were included. Chronic suppression was defined as continuation of antibiotics for longer than 6 weeks after the index infection. Standard International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation definitions were used. The primary outcome is failure of CAS, defined as a clinical deterioration resulting in the need for transition from oral to intravenous (IV) therapy or a need to change to a different IV antibiotic, elevation to status 1A on the transplant list as a result of ongoing infection, or device/driveline exchange. Of 140 patients screened, 16 patients were included (69% male, 63% African American, median age 52 years). The driveline was the most common site of infection (69%). Organisms isolated included Gram-positive cocci (n = 7), Gram-negative bacilli (n = 10), and Candida (n = 1). Oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment was most commonly used for suppression (37.5%). Failure of CAS occurred in 5/16 (31%) patients after a mean time of 175 days on therapy (range 10-598). The majority of failures (60%) required device exchanges. Side effects of nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea were reported in three patients; all required changes in oral suppression regimen. Clostridium difficile infection was noted in two patients. These results, which must be confirmed by a larger analysis, suggest that one-third of CF-LVAD patients may develop recurrent infections while on CAS therapy.

Implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program care bundle on two patient care units was associated with improved rates of compliance with quality indicators.

A post-mortem study of the urethral anatomy following gonorrhoea is presented. The different specimens examined demonstrated lesions ranging from microscopic submucosal scars to fully developed urethral strictures. In every specimen extensive squamous metaplasia of the surface epithelium was present. It is postulated that overstretching of this unsupported squamous epithelium during voiding causes microscopic epithelial tears and that the accumulation of the subsequent microscopic scars leads to the formation of a urethral stricture. Bacterial infection does not seem to play any part in the genesis of the stricture.

In our hands, TUNA produced an unsatisfactory clinical result.