Summary
Sumoylation is a reversible post-translational modification that plays roles in many processes, including transcriptional regulation, cell division, chromosome integrity and DNA damage response. Using a proteomics approach, we identified ~250 candidate targets of sumoylation in C. elegans. One such target is the cytoplasmic intermediate filament (cIF) protein named IFB-1, which is expressed in hemidesmosome-like structures in the worm epidermis and is essential for embryonic elongation and maintenance of muscle attachment to the cuticle. In the absence of SUMO, IFB-1 formed ectopic filaments and protein aggregates in the lateral epidermis. Moreover, depletion of SUMO or mutation of the SUMO acceptor site on IFB-1 resulted in a reduction of its cytoplasmic soluble pool, leading to a decrease in its exchange rate within epidermal attachment structures. These observations indicate that SUMO regulates cIF assembly by maintaining a cytoplasmic pool of non-polymerized IFB-1, and that this is necessary for normal IFB-1 function.
We present results of simple urinalysis examinations (dipstick) in a large (approximately 21,000 people) working population. In about 10% of the screened individuals at least one abnormality was found. In men the most common finding was proteinuria (4.9%). Hematuria was found in 2.6% and glycosuria in 0.6%. The most prevalent finding in women was hematuria (8.1%), followed by proteinuria (3.9%) and glycosuria (0.6%). Only about 1% of the examinees had two or more abnormalities in their urine examinations. These findings attest to the utility and practicability of incorporating urine testing into various screening and clinical examinations.
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