This exploratory mixed-methods study uses in-depth interviews to investigate the values, motivations, and routes to engagement of UK citizens who have adopted lower-carbon lifestyles. Social justice, community, frugality, and personal integrity were common themes that emerged from the transcripts. Concern about 'the environment' per se is not the primary motivation for most interviewees' action. Typically, they are more concerned about the plight of poorer people who will suffer from climate change. Although biospheric values are important to the participants, they tended to score altruistic values significantly higher on a survey instrument. Thus, it may not be necessary to promote biospheric values to encourage lower-carbon lifestyles. Participants' narratives of how they became engaged with climate action reveal links to human rights issues and groups as much as environmental organisations and positive experiences in nature. Some interviewees offered very broad (positive) visions of what 'a low-carbon lifestyle' means to them. This, and the fact that 'climate change' is not necessarily seen as interesting even by these highly engaged people, reveals a need for climate change mitigation campaigns to promote a holistic view of a lower-carbon future, rather than simply offering a 'to do' list to 'combat climate change'.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of phytase on growth, apparent phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) absorption, and apparent protein digestibility by striped bass Morone saxatills fed a high phytate diet. In experiment one, four diets with graded levels of phytase supplementation, 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 phytase units/kg of diet (PUkg), and a diet supplemented with inorganic P (positive control, total P, 0.73%; phytin P, 0.35%) were assigned to duplicate tanks, and were fed to fingerling striped bass for 16 wk. A digestibility trial was conducted at weeks 16-18, using 0.5% Cr20J as an indigestible marker in the diets. Phytase was sprayed post-extrusion on the basal diet (P-total, 0.58%; P-phytin, 0.35%). Experiment two consisted of a 2-wk digestibility trial with three treatments: 0 (basal; total P, 0.73%; phytin P, 0.34%), 1,000, and 2,000 PUkg, assigned to four, three and three replicate tanks respectively. Each tank contained an average of 20 striped bass (mean weight: 400 9). The diet used was similar to the basal in experiment one, which was modified to have low essential trace mineral concentrations, in order to increase the sensitivity of the assay. In experiment one, significant improvements (P 5 0.05) in growth, feed conversion ratios, and vertebral and scale ash concentrations of fish at the end of the experiment were achieved with either added inorganic P or increasing phytase supplementations. Results from both digestibility trials indicated that P absorption was improved with the addition of at least 500 PUkg. Absorptions of Ca and Fe were significantly increased (P 5 0.05) and Zn absorption marginally improved (P 5 0.06) when at least 2,000 PUkg was supplemented to the diet. Protein digestibility, Mg and Cu absorption were not significantly different in any treatment. Whole carcass P retention was significantly improved with the addition of 1,OOO PUkg, and 2,000 PUkg, when compared to fish fed the basal diet, 500 PUkg and positive control treatments. Results from these experiments indicate that phytase supplementation of at least 1,OOO PUkg is adequate to maintain growth rate and health comparable to an inorganic P supplemented diet. In addition, bioavailability and utilization of P is increased with increasing phytase supplementation. Diet supplementation of 2,000 PUkg increased Ca, Fe, and Zn digestibility by striped bass fed a high phytate diet.Feed costs in aquaculture operations account for approximately 50% of total operational costs (Ratafia 1994). It is, there-fore, critical that future research on fish feed for cultured species will find ways to reduce these costs and enable increased nutrient utilization of the diets. Currently most practical fish feeds for carnivorous fish,

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The film The Age of Stupid depicts the world in 2055 devastated by climate change, combining this with documentary footage which illustrates many facets of the problems of climate change and fossil-fuel dependency. This study investigates the effects of the film on UK viewers' attitudes and behaviour through a three-stage survey. Analysis of changes in attitudes focussed particularly on respondents' concern about climate change, motivation to act, fear about the potential for catastrophe, beliefs about responsibility for action, and sense of agency. The film increased concern about climate change, motivation to act, and viewers' sense of agency, although these effects had not persisted 10-14 weeks after seeing it. It was also successful in promoting some mitigation actions and behavioural change, although respondents reported barriers to further action, such as limited options for improving home energy efficiency among those in rented accommodation. However, filmgoers were atypical of the general public in that they exhibited very high levels of concern about climate change, knowledge about how to reduce their carbon emissions, and contact with organisations campaigning about climate change, before they saw the film. The paper considers how these factors may have enabled viewers to respond to the film as they did, as well as policy implications for those seeking to develop effective climate change communications.

To assess the effectiveness of climate change communications, it is important to examine their long-term impacts on individuals' attitudes and behavior. This article offers an example study and a discussion of the challenges of conducting long-term investigations of behavioral change related to climate change communications (a vital and under-researched area). The research reported is a longitudinal panel study of the impacts on UK viewers of the climate change movie The Age of Stupid. The heightened levels of concern, motivation to act, and sense of agency about action that were initially generated by the movie did not measurably persist over the long term. The results also show that behavioral intentions do not necessarily translate into action. Data analysis raised issues concerning the reliability of participants' causal attributions of their behavior. This and other methodological challenges are discussed, and some ways of avoiding or lessening problems are suggested. In recent years, governments, non-governmental organizations, and individuals have all been involved in creating "climate change communications" aimed at changing public attitudes and behavior related to climate change. These include leaflets and flyers; billboard, press, and television advertisements; short videos and full-length movies; and books of many kinds. Many environmental campaigns appear to be based on the presumption that people simply need more information to behave pro-environmentally. Such campaigns and the "informationdeficit" model they are based on have been widely criticized as inadequate to promote behavior change (e Keywords

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Carbon Rationing Action Groups (CRAGs) are grassroots voluntary groups of citizens concerned about climate change, who set themselves a carbon allowance each year and provide support to members seeking to reduce their direct carbon emissions from household energy use and personal transport. Some groups have a financial penalty for carbon emitted in excess of the ration, and systems whereby under-emitters are rewarded using the monies collected from over-emitters. CRAGs therefore operate the nearest scheme in existence to the proposed policy of Personal Carbon Trading (PCT). This paper reports the findings of a study of the opinions and experiences of individuals involved in CRAGs ('CRAGgers'). In general, interviewees have made significant behavioural changes and emissions reductions, but many would be unwilling to sell spare carbon allowances within a national PCT system. The choices made by CRAGgers with respect to the design and operation of their 'carbon accounting', their experiences of reducing fossil fuel energy use, and their views on personal carbon trading at CRAG and national level are discussed. Some possible implications for PCT and other policies are considered, as well as the limitations of CRAGs in informing an understanding of the potential impacts and operation of PCT.

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