No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

specific intervention programs, and serve as a research tool in studies investigating phonological processing. This second edition differs from its predecessor in that it has new norms, ceilings have been increased by adding more difficult items, and a new phonological awareness subtest has been added (i.e., Phoneme Isolation). Floor effects present in the 5-and 6-year-old version of the first edition were successfully addressed by adding easier items, extending the use of the new edition to children as young as 4. However, floor effects were apparent on selected subtests for children in the lowest end of the extended age range (i.e., 4-year-olds). Measures of symbolic and nonsymbolic naming are now included in the 4-to 6-year-old form. General DescriptionThe structure of the CTOPP-2 was based on a theoretical model of phonological processing developed by Wagner and colleagues (e.g., Wagner & McBride-Chang, 1996;Wagner, Torgesen, & Rashotte, 1994) comprised of phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming. The first edition of the CTOPP was appropriate to administer to children as young as 5 years of age. However, the CTOPP-2 has broadened its age range and now includes test versions for both 4-to 6-year-olds and 7-to 24-year-olds. The 4-to 6-year-old version contains nine core subtests and one supplemental subtest, whereas the 7-to 24-year-old version contains seven core subtests and two supplemental tests. Each of the constructs in the above theoretical model is