Objective: Exudate is a vital component of healing wounds. There are differences between acute and chronic exudate, with the latter seen as highly toxic to the healing environment. Wound exudate assessment is not easy for clinicians. The viscosity of wound fluid/exudate is as important as its quantity. Wound fluid viscosity increases when it contains more protein. As wound dressings exhibit a variety of fluid-handling mechanisms, it is important to understand how they interact with the different exudate types, which may alter the wound/dressing interface. This knowledge will ensure a healing wound environment that is beneficial, not one that leaves harmful exudate on the wound surface. This study aimed to evaluate if the viscosity of exudate affected absorption time in four wound dressing types. Methods: This study evaluated the viscosities of two solutions and their effect on the absorption times of four dressing types. The viscosities of the solutions were calculated using Ostwald viscometers, then 2 ml of each of these liquids was applied to each of the four dressing types and repeated 10 times for each dressing, as per British Standards Institution requirements. The parameters for temperature and frequency were applied, and the absorption times recorded. A two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to examine if exudate viscosity and dressing type, or their interaction, affected the absorption time. Results: The results indicated that the viscosity of the solution alone had a significant effect on absorption time (p<0.01), and that the combined effect of dressing type and viscosity also affected absorption (p<0.01). The type of dressing alone was found to have a significant effect on absorption time (p<0.01). When looking at the between-subject effects of the dressings (between the four types) the only non-significant finding was between two dressings—the superabsorbent and the moderate (foam) absorbing dressing (p=0.097). All other dressings had a between-subject effect of (p<0.01). Conclusion: A significant difference in absorption times was found in this investigation of dressing types and viscosity of test solutions. The greater the viscosity of the fluid, the longer it took for it to be absorbed into all dressing types tested. This delay was not determined simply by the dressing or by the viscosity of the fluid, but likely to be a combination of the mode of action of the dressing, its pore size and particulate composition of the exudate, all of which require further investigation.
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a life‐threatening condition affecting a third of diabetic patients. Many adjuvant therapies aimed at improving the healing rate (HR) and accelerating healing time are currently under investigation. Electrical stimulation (ES) is a physical‐based therapy able to increase cells activity and migration into wound bed as well as inhibiting bacterial activity. The aim of this paper was to collect and analyse findings on the effects of ES used in combination with standard wound care (SWC) in the treatment of diabetic foot ulceration compared with SWC alone. A systematic review was performed to synthesise data from quantitative studies from eight databases. Article quality was assessed using the Crowe critical appraisal tool. Seven articles out of 560 publications met the inclusion criteria. A meta‐analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity of the studies and the results were narratively synthetised. Findings showed that HR appears to be higher among diabetic ulcers treated with ES; however, the reliability of these findings is affected by the small sample sizes of the studies. Furthermore, four studies are considered as moderate or high risk of bias. The evidence to suggest the systematic usage of ES in the treatment of DFUs is still insufficient.
The x-ray K absorption edges of copper in crystalline CuCl, CuBr, and Cul have been measured with a double crystal spectrometer. Near the edge the experimental curves have been analyzed into component absorption lines. The most intense absorption maximum is due to excitation of the K electron into the 4£ level of the absorbing ion. However, the line structure is too complex to be completely explained by the unperturbed optical levels of Zn + or by any perturbation of these levels arising from crystalline fields. It is suggested that the excited electron is shared with neighboring ions even in the lowest states.
Table of contentP3 Medial longitudinal arch development of school childrenJasper W.K. Tong, Veni P. KongP4 Is measuring the subtalar joint reliable?Lily Sze, Susie Gale, John Veto, Carla McArdleP5 Comparison of turning gait biomechanics between able-bodied and unilateral transtibial amputee participantsThanaporn Tunprasert, Victoria Bradley, Siobhan StrikeP6 Comparison of walking gait biomechanics between able-bodied and unilateral transtibial amputee participants using a new model of energy-storage-and-return (ESAR) prostheticThanaporn Tunprasert, Victoria Bradley, Siobhan StrikeP7 An observational study of in-shoe plantar and dorsal pressures of skilled downhill skiers on a dry ski slopeRobert Ashford, Roozbeth Naemi, Nachiappan Chocklingam, Xavi de BlascP8 If the shoe fits: a footwear choice toolkit informed by social science methodologiesLisa Farndon, Vicki Robinson, Emily NichollsP9 The identification of emotions from gaitTabitha Birch, Ivan BirchP11 Experience of foot problems in patients with systemic lupus erythematosusSimon Otter, Sunil Kumar, Peter Gow, Nicola Dalbeth, Michael Corkill, Kevin Davies, Sam Panthakalam, Maheswaran Rohan, Keith RomeP14 Negative pressure wound therapy for the management of foot wounds in the diabetic population: a review of the literatureChloe Egan, Lisa ChandlerP15 Lower limb vascular assessment in diabetes: a multifaceted assessment of objective screening techniquesPeta Tehan, Vivienne Chuter, Jennifer Sonter, Sean LantingP16 Improving outcomes for diabetes foot complicationsLorna HicksP17 Acupuncture… an alternative or adjunctive treatment option for diabetes-related neuropathic pain?Christopher Joyce, David Watterson, Caroline McIntoshP18 “My back is in agony” – A cross-sectional study into the relationship between musculoskeletal complaints and a whole body postural risk assessment in podiatry studentsChristopher Joyce, Nigel RobertsP19 Swabs of the treatment couches: Does the material type and texture of podiatric treatment couches increase microorganism contamination?Jacqueline Forss, Chrystalla Charalambous, Jack Kirby, Oluwakemi OjoP20 Does increased exudate viscosity effect the absorption rate of exudate into four different wound dressings?Jacqueline Forss, Sarah Caukill, Jacqueline Capon, Radiance Fong, Louis LoyP21 An investigation into the microbial load of a 40 °C and 60 °C washMatthew Diment, Madeleine Murray, Mairghread Ellis, Carla McArdleP23 The sensitivity and specificity of the toe brachial index in detecting peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysisPeta Tehan, Vivienne Chuter, Christopher OldmeadowP24 Medicines management activities and non-medical prescribing within podiatry and physiotherapy: an integrative review of the literatureNicola Carey, Karen Stenner, Heather Gage, Jane Brown, Peter Williams, Simon Otter, Ann Moore, Jude Edwards, Freda Mold, Molly CourtenayA7.2 Non-invasive vascular assessment in the foot with Diabetes: Diagnostic accuracy of ankle brachial index, toe brachial index and continuous wave DopplerPeta Tehan,...
Background: A proportion of people who have been diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease and diabetes mellitus will be susceptible to chronic wounds. Oxygen is vital for wound healing, so oxygen measurements should to be taken as predictive values for wound healing in patients. When measuring oxygen at the wound bed, there is potentially a risk of cross-infection if no protective barrier is used; and skin stripping if an adhesive barrier is used on the wound bed. This cross sectional within subject repeated measures pilot study, aims to determine if the application of opsite film, as an infection control measure, in one or two layers, impacts on tissue oxygenation readings obtained when using the MoorVMS-OXY. Methods: Mean oxygen saturation percentages were measured from 29 limbs of 18 healthy participants. Oxygen saturation was measured for 20 s and analysed at the first metatarsophalangeal joint using no film, one and two layers using the MoorVMS-OXY. A one-way repeated ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to test for statistically significant differences between the values of the three parameters and multiple pairwise comparisons was completed. Results: Amongst the three layers, there was a statistically significant difference in oxygen saturation between the two layers of Opsite Flexigrid and none; and also between the two layers of Flexigrid and single layer (p < 0.05). It was also established that there was no statistically significant difference between the single layer of Opsite Flexigrid and no Flexigrid layer (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results imply that one layer of Opsite Flexigrid is a suitable protective barrier to use when establishing capillary bed oxygen perfusion with the MoorVMS-OXY. However, the application of two Opsite Flexigrid layers, to prevent skin stripping, decreases the recorded values of oxygen saturation percentages significantly, therefore providing inaccurate results. Indicating that a double layer cannot be used over ulceration sites if measuring oxygen levels at the wound bed.
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