Quantum key distribution (QKD) can be used to produce a cryptographic key whose security is guaranteed by quantum mechanics. The range of fiber-based QKD links is limited, by loss, to a few hundred kilometers, and cannot be used between mobile platforms. Free space QKD can, in principle, overcome these limitations. In practice, very narrow beam divergences must be used, requiring highly accurate pointing of the transmitting terminal to the receiver. This makes deployment very difficult. Here we describe the experimental implementation of a new type of free space QKD link, using modulating retro-reflectors (MRR). The MRR-QKD link eases the pointing requirements by more than three orders of magnitude, from microradians to degrees, while maintaining the narrow beam divergence necessary for long-range communication links. The system uses new, high extinction surface-normal multiple quantum well modulators with a modulation rate of 100 MHz. A laboratory-based BB84 QKD link using multiple quantum well MRRs is demonstrated, link budgets for possible applications are discussed, and security issues are considered.

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State and higher education institutional contexts play a powerful role in either restricting or advancing equitable policies and programs for undocumented students in higher education. This article examines the public discourse on undocumented students in higher education across state contexts (California, Tennessee, and Georgia) through a content analysis of news media. Findings show that the content of the news media varies greatly by state. However, the news about the three states was similar in their portrayal of young undocumented immigrants as all Mexican and deserving of public benefits. A better understanding of the public discourse at the state level has important implications for advancing policies and programs for undocumented students in higher education. The findings call for more research that examines how media shapes the public discourse on undocumented students and how this discourse thereby impacts higher education institutions.

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