Kurzfassung Manches wurde geschrieben über die den Dolmetschern in internationalen Gremien auferlegten Drucke und Zwänge (Brislin 1976).Es wurden jedoch nur wenige vernünftige praktische Arbeiten unternommen, um die Herkunft der auf sie ausgeübten Spannungen zu ermitteln.Mit Unterstützung der AI IC wurde nun eine Untersuchung grossen Ausmasses ausgeführt um die Probleme der Konferenzdolmetscher weltweit zu belichten. AbstractA great deal has been written about the pressures and strains imposed on interpreters working in international forums (Brislin 1976).Little serious empirical work has been undertaken, however, to identify the sources of stress acting on them. With the ~ -support of AI 1C, a large scale investigation was carried out on conference interpreters throughout the world to highlight their problems. Resume On a beaucoup sur les pressions et contraintes subies par les interpretes qui sont I'oeuvre dans les enceintes internationales (Brislin 1976).• Par contre, on n'a entrepris que peu de travaux empiriques serieux visant ä identifier I'origine des tensions qu'ils subissent. Avec le soutien de I'AIIC, une enquete de grande envergure a ete effectuee pour mettre en lumiere les problemes des interpretes de conference dans ie monde. CompendioMolto e stato scritto sulle condizioni di lavoro stressanti e faticose cui sono sottoposti gli interpret! nei convegni internazionali (Brislin 1976).Invece poche sono le serie ricerche effettuate per identificare la natura di questo stress.Un'indagine su larga scale e stata ora realizzata, grazie all'AIIC, per mettere in luce i problemi degli interpret! di conferenze ne) mondo. In-depth interview studyTo obtain a better understanding of the sources of stress experienced by conference interpreters in their job setting, an interview agenda was developed which provided the basis for interviews conducted in different sites in three cities: Strasbourg, Brussels, and Geneva. The items pertaining to occupational stress in the interview agenda were compiled from a review of (1) literature sent by ATIC on 'stress factors in interpreting' and other general information about the job of interpreters; (2) previous research on job-related stress dealing with other occupational groups; and (3) literature on interpretation and translation in general.A total of 33 interviews were conducted by two researchers in three cities in the first two weeks of October 1980. Eleven people were interviewed in Strasbourg, 8 in Brussels, and 14 in Geneva. In addition to the interviews, the 33 subjects were asked to keep 'stress logs' over a period of five working days.Based on the interviews, four general sources of stress or Stressors could be identified. These are (1) physical environmental factors; (2) task-related factors; (3) interpersonal factors; and (4) home/work interface. Each of these will be discussed below.
In this paper we describe evidence for the increasing salience of intangible assets to the economic performance of ®rms and we attach special signi®cance to the importance of relationship-based goodwill (social capital) and the eect of corporate governance practices in building and maintaining the con®dence of social networks and capital markets. We present evidence from a small study conducted in Canada that good corporate governance practices as currently assessed by expert analysts do not necessarily correlate with stock price performance in the short term. And we postulate that goodwill of stakeholders arises from two socially constructed resources: (i) enhanced social capital and (ii) enhanced reputation, de®ned here as the perception of legitimacy or prestige of managements and boards. Both are linked to a perception by stakeholders of value creation by the ®rm. We propose a model for explaining the links between goodwill and value creation and conclude that if we accept the socially constructed nature of key drivers of value, there are signi®cant implications for corporate governance theory and practice. These implications lend further support to the potential value of stakeholder-inclusive approaches to corporate governance. From goodwill to good governance In a previous paper in this journal, MacMillan and Downing (1999), re¯ected on the changing nature of corporate governance norms and expectations and advocated the concept of`goodwill' as a key driver of shareholder value: Goodwill tends to constitute most of the value of successful businesses, especially today's service and hi-tech businesses. That is where Shareholder Value is really to be found.' Relating their arguments to the emerging literature on social capital and stakeholder approaches to strategic management, MacMillan and Downing identi®ed a potential fault line in corporate governance along which a number of once-celebrated corporations such as Enron, Tyco and Worldcom were soon to be found¯oundering. Later, building on the`commitment-trust' theory of marketing of Morgan and Hunt (2000) and MacMillan et al. developed a model of business
There is little systematic survey evidence so far on the attitudes and beliefs of those involved with new technology in small batch manufacturing. Here the authors present findings on the responses of management, trade unions and employees in an Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) work environment.
Incorporating digital self-services into integrated mental healthcare: a physician's perspective There is a common sense appeal about a therapeutic approach that can be accessed at all hours without leaving your home, especially where social anxiety, phobia, physical limitations or caring responsibilities limit participation in traditional forms of therapy. But health professionals have concerns, and it is appealing that the authors suggest that digital interaction could be an enhancement rather than a replacement. This is certainly attractive for two reasons, first that some mental health practitioners are concerned about patient dependency and that they themselves are perceived as the "active ingredient" in the patient's recovery rather than the patient recognising their agency. Second, patients need to be able to apply the cognitive and behavioural changes they achieve in therapy into their day-today life. It is intriguing to consider how that embedding process could be more likely when treatment is something that is itself embedded into their daily routines, i.e. through digital sessions in their own home. Taking a hands-off approach may challenge a physician about patients: How will they cope? Will they be motivated? What if they get worse and from a physician's own perspective? Is there input devalued? Does this threaten my role/contract? Will I be replaced by a digital interaction in the future? The concept of physician as a value self-creation supervisor is helpful here, as it can help mitigate against resistance about a hands off approach by instead suggesting a new facilitative role. Some physicians may already have begun to shift to this mindset, for example, through recommending a self-help group that they may trust but that is outside their direct control. In order to build both physician confidence and competence in this role, postqualification training needs to be developed. It could be argued that incorporating awareness of cCBT into basic training would help build an early appreciation of integrated healthcare provision. This raises the potential for an early consideration of not if I will consider cCBT as a treatment option but instead questions like: When would I introduce it? How would I introduce it? What would be my role in monitoring? Additional questions could be: To what extent would I engage the patient as an active consumer with autonomy over treatment options? At what points in the process would I use face-to-face contact? What would the function of this contact with me? Would I be most effective as a risk assessor, motivator and ambassador of cCBT, or extra support during a relapse or crises? This shift in thinking could lead physicians to seek out informed advice on these questions and present valuable questions for future research and maximising the voice of the pioneers already working with integrating cCBT. For example, many of the respondents' questions could be answered by peers who have already wrestled with these issues, doubts could be addressed and there could be a knowledge...
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