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This paper examined factors influencing clothing expenditures by households in the United States. In particular, the impact of various household characteristics on clothing expenditures was investigated using data from the 1972–73 Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Ex penditure Survey. The results indicated that income plays a major role in concert with demographic characteristics in determining household expenditures on clothing and services. Expenditures were positively related to income and education and negatively related to age of household head. Households headed by blacks with wives in the labor force spent more on clothing than other households. Location also proved to be a significant variable with urban households spending more on clothing expenditures than rural households. The results should provide information concerning the demand for clothing under different economic and demographic conditions.

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The cost-effectiveness of various end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treatments was compared using two different cost measures. The first measure, gross social costs, excluded output gains due to treatment, whereas the second measure, net social costs, included output gains from both market and nonmarket activities. The cost-effectiveness criterion was the cost-per-life year gained or the implicit value of a year of life. The lower the cost-per-life year gained, the more costeffective the treatment was. Four ERSD treatments were evaluated over 20 years. Home dialysis and transplantation were more cost-effective than in-center dialysis, regardless of whether gross or net social costs were used.