Objectives: To evaluate the associations between specific functional needs of older Veterans and the desire to institutionalize (DTI) among their caregivers. Methods: Cross-sectional multivariable logistic regression analysis of 3579 Hero Care survey responses from caregivers of Veterans at five US sites from July to December 2021. Unmet needs were areas in which the caregiver reported the Veteran needed a little more or a lot more help. Caregiver DTI was defined as the caregiver reporting that they had discussed, considered, or taken steps toward a nursing home or assisted living placement for the Veteran or that they felt the Veteran would be better off in such a setting or they were likely to move the Veteran to another living arrangement.Results: Caregivers were largely white, retired, females with an average age of 71 and with some college education who spent an average of 8-9 h per day 6 days a week caring for a Veteran spouse. There was evidence of associations between the following needs and a DTI: managing incontinence, using the telephone, transportation, and arranging services in the home such as visiting nurses, home care aides, or meals on wheels. Unmet functional needs in other selected domains were not associated with the DTI.Conclusion: Among caregivers of older Veterans, a need for more assistance managing incontinence, telephone use, transportation, and arranging in-home services were associated with the DTI. These may represent functional markers of important clinical determinants for institutionalization as well as potential
Objectives: Age is important for prognosis in community-onset pneumonia, but how it influences admission decisions in the emergency department (ED) is not well characterized. Using clinical data from the electronic health record in a national cohort, we examined pneumonia hospitalization patterns, variation, and relationships with mortality among older versus younger Veterans. Methods:In a retrospective cohort of patients ≥ 18 years presenting to EDs with a diagnosis of pneumonia at 118 VA Medical Centers January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, we compared observed, predicted, and residual hospitalization risk for Veterans < 70, 70-79, and ≥ 80 years of age using generalized estimating equations and machine learning models with 71 patient factors. We examined facility variation in residual hospitalization across facilities and explored whether facility differences in hospitalization risk correlated with differences in 30-day mortality.Results: Among 297,498 encounters, 165,003 (55%) were for Veterans < 70 years, 61,076 (21%) 70-80, and 71,419 (24%) ≥ 80. Hospitalization rates were 52%, 67%, and 76%, respectively. After other patient factors were adjusting for, age 70-79 had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.39 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-1.44) and ≥ 80 had an OR of 2.1 (95% CI 2.0-2.2) compared to age < 70. There was substantial variation in hospitalization across facilities among Veterans < 70 (<35% hospitalization at the lowest decile of facilities vs. > 66% at the highest decile) that was similar but with higher risk for patients 70-79 years (54% vs. 82%) and ≥ 80 years (59% vs. 85%) and remained after accounting for patient factors, with no consistently positive or negative associations with facility-level 30-day mortality.Conclusions: Older Veterans with community-onset pneumonia experience high risk of hospitalization, with widespread facility variation that has no clear relationship to short-term mortality.
Socially isolated adults, including those with and without the ability to make medical decisions, are encountered in clinical practice and are at risk for adverse health outcomes. Consensus is lacking on appropriate terminology to describe subpopulations of these patients. In addition, little is known about the settings in which they present. These gaps prevent clinicians and policymakers from identifying and understanding these populations and deploying appropriate resources to meet their complex needs. We conducted a narrative review of literature on socially isolated adults aged 50 and older to assess and integrate the available evidence regarding the terminology used to describe unrepresented patients and adults without advocates to inform consensus on terminology. We also identified the settings in which unrepresented patients and adults without advocates are described in the literature, including both within and outside health care settings. Our results indicate that there is heterogeneity and inconsistency in the terminology used to describe socially isolated adults, as well as heterogeneity in the settings in which they are identified in the literature. Our findings suggest that future work should include achieving consensus on terminology and integrating proactive interdisciplinary interventions across health systems and communities to prevent adults without advocates from becoming unrepresented.
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