Background We conducted a systematic review to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on ulcer healing compared to usual treatment and/or sham stimulation. This systematic review also aimed to investigate the effect of different types of electrical stimulation on ulcer size reduction.

the Southeast having a significantly higher rate of VTE than blacks in the rest of the United States (hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.08-2.48). This was not seen in whites (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.61-1.14). Comment: The study, as the authors point out, has several limitations that include self-identification of race, potential lack of generalizability of the cohorts to the population of the U.S., as well as potential under ascertainment of VTE events or biased assessment of VTE. Nevertheless, the data may indicate previously unrecognized race-by-region interaction and variation in VTE incidents. Clearly, differences in VTE by race compared on a regional, national or global scale will greatly influence associations of race on VTE. Despite the study limitations it appears reasonable to advocate for further studies of VTE in the United States in diverse geographic and racial populations.

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