When claimants press their claims without counsel, they fail at virtually every stage of civil litigation and overwhelmingly fail to obtain meaningful access to justice. This research program harnesses psychological science to experimentally test a novel hypothesis: mainly, a claimant's pro se status itself sends a signal that biases decision making about the claimant and her claim. We conducted social psychological experiments with the public (N = 157), law students (N = 198), and employment discrimination lawyers (N = 39), holding the quality and merit of a Title VII sex discrimination case constant. In so doing, we examined whether a claimant's pro se status itself shapes stereotypes held about the claimant and biases decision making about settlement awards. These experiments reveal that pro se status influences stereotypes of claimants and settlement awards received. Moreover, the signaling effect of pro se status is exacerbated by socialization in the legal profession. Among law‐trained individuals (i.e., law students and lawyers), a claimant's pro se status generates negative stereotypes about the claimant and these negative stereotypes explain the adverse effect of pro se status on decision making about settlement awards.

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Background: Central to effective public health policy and practice is the trust between the population served and the governmental body leading health efforts, but that trust has eroded in the years preceding the pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy among adults is also a growing concern across the United States. Recent data suggest that the trustworthiness of information about the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine was a larger concern than the vaccine's adverse effects or risks.Objective: This study aims to describe the methods used to create a public health microinfluencer social media vaccine confidence campaign for the COVID-19 vaccine in underserved Tennessee communities. A secondary objective is to describe how the Social-Ecological Model (SEM) and Social Cognitive Theory may address vaccine hesitancy using community pharmacies. Methods: In late 2020, 50 independent community pharmacies in underserved communities across Tennessee were involved in a public health project with the

Objective. To develop, deliver, and evaluate an innovative curriculum, designed to increase student pharmacists' skills and confidence in addressing unmet patient care needs and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Triple Aim goals in the community pharmacy setting. Methods. Course modules developed collaboratively between the University of Washington andWashington State University focused on student pharmacist exposure to and direct application of leadership theory in addressing real world challenges. Both programs delivered the curriculum to all second-year student pharmacists during the fall 2015 and 2016. Student teams were asked to identify a new or enhanced service for a community pharmacy based on a needs assessment and the IHI's Triple Aim goals. Pre-course and post-course assessments of student confidence, comfort level in leadership Results. Pre and Post assessments of individual student progress in leadership, innovation, selfawareness, and professionalism were completed. For all confidence questions, a statistically significant relationship was found between the mean of PRE and POST scores along with a decrease in the THEN score from the PRE score indicating students felt more confident in their ability to lead. At the conclusion of the course, the students reported improved confidence in their ability to Communicate Decisions (73%), Create a Vision (64%), and Form a Guiding Coalition (55%). Conclusion.A five-module curriculum with corresponding project proposal successfully increased the confidence and comfort level of student pharmacists' in their leadership skillset.

Funders had no role in the study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication Aims: To report on a retrospective study of individual funding request (IFR) submissions from a large tertiary hospital and describe gaps in current mechanisms for funding of high-cost medicines in England.