The stinging apparatus is expected to vary depending on the type of prey taken and the way it is carried in apoid wasps and the purpose of defense it serves in bees. To understand the differences in sting morphology, members of two apoid wasp families (Ampulicidae and Crabronidae) and a bee family (Halictidae) were studied. Scanning Electron Microscope images of lancets revealed tooth like projections on dorso-lateral aspect in Ampulex compressa (Fabricius, 1781) and blunt barbs on the lancets of Liris aurulentus (Fabricius, 1787) and Tachysphex bengalensis Cameron, 1889 whereas, in Halictus fimbriatellus Vachal, 1894 barbs are arranged in two rows on lancet, which includes four barbs on one side and three barbs on the other side of lancet which are not acutely pointed. The SEM images also indicated the presence of campaniform sensilla on the lancets of compressa. These findings help us to know the possible relationships of hunting behavior and modification of the sting in accordance.
PRESENTATION OF CASE 60-year-old male patient, farmer by occupation, with no comorbidities presented with recurrent abdominal swelling of 4 years duration with history of pain in the swelling since previous 2-3 months. He was earlier operated for a swelling at the same site 7 years before in a hospital in a neighbouring small town. Neither the details of that procedure were available, nor it was known the specimen was sent for histopathological examination or not. He was apparently alright for 4 years when he started noticing a small swelling which was gradually increasing in size. Patient started having pain in the swelling since previous 2-3 months which was aggravated on bending and on exertion. There were no other constitutional symptoms like anorexia, weight loss or jaundice. On examination patient was thin built, lean, but otherwise general condition was good. There was no jaundice or anaemia. After local examination of the abdomen revealed a vertical paramedian operative scar in right lower quadrant of abdomen with a prominent 6*5 cm lump underneath the lower third of scar.
Managing complex inguinal hernias has been a constant challenge for surgeons and its treatment is not without challenges with the routine current techniques. Complex inguinal hernias especially recurrent have been managed by the Rives-Stoppa technique which is an established suture-less, tension-free, and absolute method of treatment with minimal recurrence rates. Traditionally, this surgical technique is most indicated in recurrent inguinal hernias, but we aim to assess the usefulness of this procedure for the treatment of complex inguinal hernias in individuals presenting for the first time. We report four varied cases of complex inguinal hernias, repaired by the open Rives-Stoppa technique, and discuss its indications, technique of repair, and current status.
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