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Objective: To find out the various types of radiographic errors in digital chest radiography and their effect on image quality leading to image rejection. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Radiology department of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences for a period of One month, September 2019. The study included 1560 digital Chest X-Rays, reaching the Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS), fulfilling the inclusion criteria. All these X-rays were analyzed by two radiology residents for the presence of radiographic errors in them. The various radiographic errors were then classified as: Positioning error, poor collimation, Artifacts, improper exposure, motion blur and mislabeling. The frequency of each radiographic error was measured along with their implication on image quality resulting in three major image categories: ACCEPT, JUST ACCEPTABLE and REJECT. The SPSS was adopted for inferential statistical analysis. Results: The study included 1013 (64.9%) male patients and 547 (35.1%) female patients. The mean age came out to be 36 +/- 15 years. Out of 1560 X-rays, 964 (61.8 %) had radiographic errors in them while 596 (38.2%) were completely devoid of radiographic errors. Positioning error (44.5 percent) was the most frequently encountered error followed by poor collimation (29.8%), artifacts (14.9%), Improper exposure (8%), motion blur (2.2%) and mislabeling (0.5%). The rejection rate came out to be 16.5 %. The major cause of image rejection was anatomy cutoff, especially the cut-off of cardio phrenic (CP) angle. Conclusion: Positioning errors represent the commonest cause of image rejection in chest radiography. The main identified pitfall was lack of radiographer’s education and training in performing an examination and indicates a need to improve their performance. Key words: Digital Radiography, Chest X ray, Radiographic error, Image reject

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is essential to obtaining a clear view of the prevailing economic landscape within the target country. FDI has also a very close relationship with human health and income. This study is an attempt to investigate empirically the relationship between health, FDI and income in South Asia between 1990 and 2016. The study applied panel ordinary least square (OLS) and fixed effects models. The results of panel OLS showed that FDI, urbanization and education have positive associations with life expectancy. The results also indicate an inverse relationship between income and education with infant mortality. However, FDI and the number of physicians have mixed relations with infant mortality. The outcomes of the fixed effects (FE) model showed that income, FDI, urbanization, education and the number of physicians are factors increasingly affecting the life expectancy rate. The application of the FE model also exposed an inverse association of FDI, income and the number of physicians with infant mortality. Contribution/ Originality:This study analyzes the nexus between foreign direct investment and health in six South Asian countries: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. There is a research gap in the existing literature on the nexus between FDI and human health in South Asia. This study is the first one which has considered the importance of FDI for human health in South Asia.