Adverse childhood experiences are associated with risky health behaviors and adverse health outcomes worldwide, including substance use; yet, relatively fewer studies have examined linkages between adverse childhood experiences and health behaviors and outcomes in low- and middle-income countries, including countries in sub-Saharan Africa and large portions of Asia. Furthermore, fewer studies of adverse childhood experiences have examined the pathways or processes connecting adverse childhood experiences to health behaviors and outcomes. This study addressed these gaps by investigating three competing models of associations between adverse childhood experiences, psychological well-being, and substance use in 595 Pakistani University students (40.5% female; Meanage = 21.96, Standard deviation = 2.37) using path analysis. Controlling for the effects of age, sex, and socioeconomic status, adverse childhood experiences were associated with both diminished psychological well-being and higher levels of substance use. However, psychological well-being and substance use were unrelated and neither accounted for indirect effects of adverse childhood experiences on adjustment. Suggestions for furthering research on adverse childhood experiences, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are discussed.
This research reflects the special role of VET on the different levels of Anxiety Depression and Stress. The population selected for the study was women living in the village of Mureed Khan. By using the purposive sampling technique 120 women were selected from the population. The sample was divided into two groups i.e., targeted, and non-targeted groups. Women with age 14 to 25 years old were selected to become part of the study. SPSS-22 software was used for testing of hypothesis. Pre-test and post-test differences in study variables show that VET is an effective intervention and caused significant changes in the participants.
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