Objective: To identify the role of some socio-economic factors on the utilization of Family Planningservices. Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Place & Duration of Study: A defined urban community ofDistrict Lahore, - from February 2004 to May 2004. Materials & Methods: 375 reproductive age married womenresiding with their husband were interviewed with the help of a semi structured data collection instrument. Results:The study showed that contraceptive use was 45.6% amongst the illiterates; it rose to 61.3% for the respondents witheducation up to matric and 71.3% in those with education above matric. It was 43.2% in respondents belonging tofamilies with income less than Rs.3000; and 68.6% with income level of Rs.6000+. It was also found that contraceptiveuse amongst working women was 82.8%, whereas 54.3% housewives were using contraception. Conclusion: Thestudy was able to establish positive influence of some important socio-economic factors on the utilization of familyplanning services.
Background: Delay in diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) and initiation of antituberculartreatment (ATT) contributes to more severe disease manifestations in the individualand higher disease transmission in the community. Objective: To find out the delays indiagnosis and treatment of TB patients and to describe determinants related to these delays.Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: TB Directly Observed TreatmentShort course (DOTS) Center of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Period: July to September 2013.Methods: 373 tuberculosis patients attending TB Directly Observed Treatment Short course(DOTS) Center of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore were included using simple random sampling. Delaywas then categorized into low delay and high delay depending upon the median of total delaywhich was of 97 days. Results: It was concluded that the total median diagnostic and treatmentdelay related to both patients as well as health system was 97 days. Results revealed that about55.7% patients had high total delay (delay>median) and 44.3% patients had low total delay.Among those patients with high delay, 58.7% were aged above 35 years, 81.4% were females,96.4% were illiterate, 54.8%were living in rural areas, 76.7% travelled greater than 5 km to reachthe nearest health facility and 56.9% patients had more than one health seeking encounterswith health care professionals before initial diagnosis. Conclusion: Current study, therefore,highlights the delays in diagnosis, treatment and the determinants of delay showing healthsystem related diagnostic and treatment delay being the main contributor to the total delay.More than half of the patients with TB showed a delay in initiation of treatment. Efforts should bemade to minimize health system related delays. Local private practitioners should also be takenon board in combating tuberculosis.
Background: Doctor’s profession has been among one of the most attractiveprofession in Pakistan Society, but doctors are getting increasingly dissatisfied with their jobs inour region as unfortunately job satisfaction has still not received the proper consideration frompolicy makers. Objectives: To determine the level of satisfaction with variousjob characteristicsand compare the characteristics of doctorswith level of job satisfaction among doctors workingin public and private sector teaching hospitals. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period:July 2014 to August 2014. Setting: Public sector (Jinnah Hospital Lahore) and a private sector(Fatima Memorial Hospital) Lahore. Methods: A total of 308 medical officers, 154 from eachhospital were included through simple random sampling. They were interviewed regarding theirsocio demographic and work related characteristics and satisfaction level regarding variousjob characteristics, using a structured, pretested questionnaire. The job satisfaction was ratedon the basis of a three point liker scale with scores ranging from 1 – 33 and scores > 25were considered as satisfied. All the data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 17.0.Results: Among the total study respondents, majority 212 (68.8%) doctor were dissatisfied withtheir jobs while high level of satisfaction was seen only regarding timeliness of pay 92.9% andjob safety 98%.On comparing characteristics of doctors with job satisfaction, it was seen thatage, gender, marital status, number of family members, total family income, work experienceand nature of job was not significantly related with satisfaction while doctors working in privatehospital were more satisfied with their job as compared to doctors working in governmenthospital and this result was statistically significant (P = 0.000) Conclusion: Satisfaction levelof doctors especially working in public hospitals was low as compared to doctors working inprivate sector. There is need to address the reasons of dis-satisfaction and formulate strategiesto eliminate these issues.
Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the frequency of postpartum depression in new mothers at a tertiary care hospital in Faisalabad and identify the factors associated with the condition. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Independent University Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: Over a period of three months from February 2018 to May 2018. Material & Methods: Included 213 subjects selected through nonprobability purposive sampling patients who had given birth in the last six months were included in the study. The Punjabi version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess for depression. Socio-demographic and medical information was collected on a pre-designed proforma. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Chi square test was applied to ascertain association. Results: Out of the total 213 participants, 33.8% (n=72) of the study sample were suffering from postnatal depression. The socio-demographic profile of the depressed patients showed that most of them were uneducated (84.72%), housewives (77.78%) living with extended families (68.06%). The difference in the number of depressed women among extended and nuclear families was found to be statistically significant (p-value of 0.004). The study also showed that women suffering from postpartum depression were less likely to breastfeed their babies (p-value 0.046). Conclusion: Postpartum depression was identified in more than one thirds of the females included in this study. This high number should raise an alarm for all health professionals. Detection through mandatory screening and early intervention can prevent the adverse consequences this disorder carries for the mother and the child.
… Background: Delay in diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) and initiation of antitubercular treatment (ATT) contributes to more severe disease manifestations in the individual and higher disease transmission in the community. Objective: To find out the delays in diagnosis and treatment of TB patients and to describe determinants related to these delays.
Objectives: To determine the association between low birth weight babies and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during pregnancy and the factors related to it. Study Design: Case Control study Setting: Obstetrical and Gynecological Units of a Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Period: March 2016 to August 2017. Material & Methods: Babies born to mothers’ aged between 20 to 35 years in all four Obstetrical and Gynecological units of a Sir Ganga Ram hospital, Lahore, were included. 150 low birth weight babies (LBW) born at term, fulfilling the exclusion and inclusion criteria were taken as cases and 150 normal weight babies born on same day were taken as controls. Mothers were interviewed on a semi structured and pretested questionnaire covering all variables using non- probability purposive sampling technique and the data was analyzed on SPSS Version 20.0. The difference of means was tested using independent t-test whereas difference of proportions was analyzed by using Pearson Chi -Square test. Odds Ratio of >2 was taken as significant. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. In order to adjust the effect of confounder data was stratified. Results: 110/150(73.3%) cases and 48/150(32%) controls were exposed to ETS with odds of low birth weight being 5.84 times higher among exposed mothers. Odds of having low birth weight was 3.55 times for ETS exposure at home than those not having home exposure. Ninety Six cases (64%) and 70(46.7%) controls had no knowledge about passive smoking. Only one third of all respondents had knowledge about Second Hand Smoke(SHS) while 110 exposed to ETS, only 09 had adequate knowledge about passive smoking with a significant difference in the knowledge among mothers of the cases and controls (p value 0.004, T score -2889). Conclusion: Mothers exposed to ETS had 5.84 odds of having LBW babies than unexposed, endorsing the association between the two particular when at home. Illiteracy, illiterate smoker husband and poor knowledge of mother about SHS and its hazards further escalated the situation. More researches are, therefore, required to evaluate the effects of passive smoking exposure in a low income country like Pakistan and steps should be taken to avoid it especially during pregnancy.
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