Aim: To determine the incidence and risk factors of lower limb skin graft failure. Study design: A longitudinal study Place and duration: This study was conducted at Patel Hospital Karachi Pakistan from January 2021 to January 2022 Methodology: The study incorporated all the patients who required skin Grafts for lower limbs. Patient characteristics and diseases were noted. All Grafts were conducted with tried-and-true methods. Transplant history with immunosuppression, Anticoagulation/ antiplatelet treatments, and anatomical wound location was noted. Weight-bearing status of the wound size at the time of STSG placement, wound size 14 days post-STSG, and wound size 45 days post-STSG were examined. Patients were observed for six weeks after the transplant for graft take. Data were evaluated using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 62 patients received 79 skin Grafts, including multiple grafts for 17 individuals. The mean age of patients was 68 ± 9.2 years. The medium BMI of patients was 28. 19 (30.6%). A total of 11 (17.74%) patients had ischemic heart disease, and 19 (30.6%) had venous insufficiency. Immunosuppressant use 4 (6.4%), Diabetes 9 (14.5 %), and Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were observed in 24 (39%) of patients. A significant association was observed with BMI, Immunosuppressant use, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Conclusion: Skin Grafts on the lower limb fail more frequently than skin grafts on other body parts. Proper observation and treatment may reduce the risk of infection and hematoma. Skin graft failure rates are still high, and several contributing factors are associated with this condition. Immunosuppression use and BMI were the contributing factors in the present study Keywords: Body mass index, Immunosuppression, Lower extremity, Reconstruction, Skin grafts

Background. Thalassemic patients have deteriorated quality of life, which affects their social status, leisure activities, ability to focus on task or series of task and relationships. Objectives. The objective of this study is to find factors associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) that either hinder or augment the effectiveness of therapy in thalassemia patients in Pakistan. Material and methods. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 178 children and adolescents with thalassemia in Lahore, Pakistan. The clinical characteristics of patients were recorded by checking medical records, and HRQoL was calculated using the PedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) scale. Results. The average of the total summary score of the study population was 63.91 (SD: 15.52). For the subscales of the PedsQL score, it was revealed that the social functioning score was 10.24 (SD: 5.55), school functioning score was 10.66 (SD: 4.75), emotional functioning score was 10.68 (SD: 3.78), physical functioning score was 14.84 (SD: 15.52) and general health functioning score was 17.49 (SD: 3.15). It was shown that age, rural residence, as well as serum ferritin, urea and AST levels, were significantly associated with HRQoL. White blood cell count, red blood cell count, platelet count and alanine transaminase were not significant predictors of HRQoL. Conclusions. keeping in mind the current scenario in Pakistan, our study revealed that there is a need for improvement in thalassemia treatment management. For this, a modification of healthcare services can improve HRQoL, and thus improve the percentage of treatment outcomes in thalassemic patients.

Bioremediation is a process to remove or detoxify contaminant present in the environment by certain biomolecules or biomass to bind and concentrate selected ions or other molecules. Water pollution is an issue of great concern worldwide, and it can be broadly divided into three main categories, that is, contamination by organic compounds, inorganic compounds (e.g., heavy metals), and microorganisms. A wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae, can act as biologically active methylators, which are able to at least modify toxic species. Microorganisms cannot destroy metals, they can alter their chemical properties via a surprising array of mechanisms. Different factors affect bioremediation include environmental factor biological factor, availability of nutrients, temperature, ph, and toxic compounds. Among organic pollutants, hydrocarbons may enter in water either directly by spills or effluents or indirectly from atmosphere. These metals are extremely sensitive at low concentrations and can be stored in food webs, posing a serious public health risk. Several microorganisms (natural/exotic/ engineered) having specific metabolic capability and various enzyme production ability which fall under six main divisions include Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Lyases, Isomerases and Ligases (synthetases) are used during bioremediation process. The heavy metals associated with environmental contamination, for instance, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr), which are potentially hazardous to ecosystems. The types of microorganisms that are used in bioremediation processes due to their natural capacity to biosorb toxic heavy metal ions.

Many organizations adopted new working patterns to cope with the situation brought about by the pandemic in the year 2020. The prime objective behind this study was to investigate the potential predictor of organizational commitment during working from home while measuring the moderating effect of emotional intelligence. A quantitative approach is used to meet the objective of the research. The appropriate sample size was 200 employees of education sector and the obtained responses were examined with the usage of Smart PLS software. The study was able to bridge the gap by measuring work from home as a new working atmosphere and the results indicated there exists a notable relation between Work from Home and Organizational commitment. Moreover, the quantitative results can be generalized to the education sector of Pakistan and support the belief that working from home can be a positive change in the pre-existing working model in organizations.

Background: Obstetric hemorrhage is the most common and dangerous complication encountered during child birth and postpartum hemorrhage accounts for about one-quarter of all maternal deaths globally, especially in developing countries. Tranexamic acid (TXA) with its antifibrinolytic properties, is widely in use for prophylactic treatment of heavy blood loss from trauma, surgery, removal of tooth, bleeding from nose, postpartum bleeding and heavy menstrual bleeding. Aim: To assess the mean blood loss with prophylactic tranexamic acid in females undergoing elective cesarean section Methods: Descriptive case series study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, DHQ Hospital, Gujranwala from August 2018 to February 2019. After meeting the inclusion criteria 550 females were enrolled. Informed consent and demographic details of the selected females were taken. Then females were given 1g of intravenous TXA 30 minutes before cesarean section. All cesarean sections were done under spinal anesthesia. All included females were followed-up till delivery of the fetus and placenta and blood loss was also noted. SPSS version 21 was applied for data collection and analysis. Results: In this study the mean age of the females was 29.07±6.49 years, 92(16.73%) females were nulliparous. The mean value of BMI was 26.75±4.76 kg/m2. The mean intra-op, post-op and total blood loss of the females was 300.15±29.13 ml, 99.55±29.43 ml & 399.70±41.98 ml respectively. Conclusion: According to this study the total mean blood loss with prophylactic TXA in females undergoing elective cesarean section was 399.70±41.98 ml Keywords: Females, Cesarean Section, Prophylactic Tranexamic Acid, Blood Loss