The quality of minced kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) with gum arabic encapsulated (0.3% and 0.5% w/w) and unencapsulated fennel extract (FE) (0.3% and 0.5% w/w) stored at 4°C was examined over a storage period of 15 days. The control and the treated fish samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total viable count [TVC] and total psychrotrophic count [TPC]) and chemical (peroxide value (PV) and total volatile nitrogen (TVB‐N)) parameters. Also the inhibitory effect of encapsulated and unencapsulated FE was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inoculated in minced kilka. According to the results, encapsulated FE samples showed the lowest amount of lipid oxidation and microbial deterioration during the storage period compared with the control and pure extract treatments. Although, the encapsulated FE at 0.5% showed drastic bacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to others. Generally, gum arabic encapsulation could help to obtain higher antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in lower FE concentrations in minced fish.

IntroductionThe incidence of urinary tract infections caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains due to long term and overuse of broad-spectrum cephalosporine is on the rise. CTX beta-lactamase type, a broad-spectrum beta-lactamase, has been expanding in many countries. The ctx gene is harbored on a plasmid that is spread between Enterobacteriaceae family, especially in E. coli. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance and investigate the prevalent ESBL phenotype and the ctx-M gene in E. coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) in Semnan.MethodsA cross sectional study was performed on 109 strains of E. coli isolated from the urine culture of patient suffering from a UTI referred to Shafa hospital (Semnan, Iran) during March–July 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was applied and the prevalence of the ESBL phenotype was confirmed using combination disk. PCR methods were completed for amplification of the bla ctx gene. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 software.ResultsOne hundred ninety samples (4.16%) were identified as E. coli. Twenty one (26.6%) of E. coli were ESBL positive and 73.4% were ESBL negative. There was 100% susceptibility to imipeneme. Twenty (68.97%) out of 29 isolates were positive for the ctx-M gene, as detected by PCR.ConclusionIn urinary tract infections, antibiotic treatment was experimental and detailed information regarding the sensitivity of bacteria in the area can be useful to achieve the best treatment.

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Background and Aim: Carbapenem resistant-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is one of the most important causes of severe and persistent infections. The contributions of different resistance mechanisms to Carbapenems and biofilm formation among a collection of imipenem susceptible and non-susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates were investigated. Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, a total of 117 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected. The disc diffusion method assessed the susceptibility of isolates to various antimicrobials. The Carbazole method was used for the detection of alginate producers. Multiplex-PCRs were performed for the detection of biofilm and resistance genes. The expression mRNA levels of efflux pumps were assessed by phenotypic and genotypic (Quantitative Real-time PCR) approaches. Results:The highest resistance rate was related to ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, and levofloxacin. MDR phenotype was observed in 8.4% of strains. The frequency of carbapenem resistance was also 24.7%. The Carbazole test was positive at 53.8%. In general, 62.4% of isolates were able to form a biofilm, 28.8% of which were resistant to carbapenem. The distribution of algD and algU genes were 41.8% and 26.5%, respectively. The frequency of MBL-encoded genes was as follows; blaIMP (62.1%), blaVIM (31.0%), and blaNDM (6.8%). The relative levels of MexX, MexC, MexB and MexA mRNA in CRPA strains with active efflux pump were 81.8%, 63.6%, 54.5%, and 36.4%, respectively. Conclusion:The existence of different resistant mechanisms in P. aeruginosa can cause cross antibiotic resistance, lead to the appearance of resistant strains, and make the treatment difficult. Biofilm production is directly related to antibiotic resistance. Efflux pumps are actively expressed in carbapenem-resistant strains.