Green synthesized nanoparticles have been studied as new and more effective biopesticides against insects of medical importance and this for their eco-friendly aspects. In the current study Moringa oleifera leaf extract (Mo-LE) was used to synthesis silver nanoparticles (Mo-AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (Mo-ZnONPs). Low concentrations of MoLE , Mo-AgNPs and Mo-ZnONPs showed the larvicidal and pupicidal toxicity against Musca domestica. In larvicidal bioassay, the values of LC 50 were 16.50, 2.03 and 6.41 mg/ml for MoLE , Mo-AgNPs and Mo-ZnONPs, respectively. In addition, the LC 50 was determined against pupae, which were129.77, 9.604 and 17.10 mg/ml for MoLE , Mo-AgNPs and Mo-ZnONPs, respectively. Moreover, treatment larvae with LC 50 's of MoLE , Mo-AgNPs and Mo-ZnONPs produced a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the fecundity of female and a highly significant reduction (P<0.01) in the egg hatchability. The total protein content and activities of nonspecific esterases, acetylcholine esterase, and glutathione S-transferase enzymes were significantly declined after larvae had fed on LC 50 Mo-AgNPs and Mo-ZnONPs treated diets as compared with the control. This study indicates that it is feasible to use M. oleifera synthesized nanoparticles as effective candidates to develop newer and cheap control tools for immature stages of M. domestica. 100 ml water) as a surface to lay eggs. The culture was maintained at 27°C in 60-70% relative humidity, with a 16 L:8 D h photoperiod. Plant Material: Fresh green leaves of M. oleifera were collected from the garden of

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Metabolic profiles were detected in healthy and flacherie (inoculated with Bacillus sp.) and grasserie (inoculated with polyhedral bodies)-diseased Bombyx mori larvae. Free amino acids were separated and quantitatively determined by using hydrolysis method. Further, nitrogen (N) percentage was estimated with micro-Kieldahl method. Whereas, phosphor-molybdate method was applied for phosphorus (P) analysis. Results revealed that distinct differences in the amounts of eighteen individual amino acids in healthy and diseased silkworm 5 th larval instar were found. The highest amino acids concentration was recorded in healthy larvae (224.05 mg/g tissue), while the lowest concentration was found in Gr-diseased larvae (177.77 mg/g tissue). Fl-diseased larvae inoculated with Bacillus sp. showed elevation in certain amino acids comparing with Gr-diseased larvae inoculated with of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) occluded bodies. N and P percentages in Fl and Gr diseases recorded (N = 2.57%, P = 0.29%), (N = 3.86%, P = 0.32%) respectively, compared with healthy larvae (N = 1.63%, P = 0.23%). The present study reveals that a decrease in amino acids in fifth-larval stage implies an increase in N and P percentages in both bacterial and viral infected larvae. It is concluded that the determination of biochemical responses in silkworm against infections may be considered as bio-analytical markers, which are useful for early disease diagnosis and developing disease resistant breeds.

The effect of azadirachtin on the development and mortality of the scuttle fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae) was investigated in the laboratory by using neem extract, Achook ® , containing 0.15% azadirachtin. Different biological changes were recorded after treatment 1 st larval instar with different concentrations of azadirachtin as larval mortality, pupation rate and adult emergence of. Azadirachtin-LC 50 against the 1 st instar larvae of M. scalaris was 13.79 mg/L. Exposing larvae to LC 50 of azadirachtin caused many changes in the puparia such as having folded cuticle and swelling of the integument compared to control. Distortion of the anterior spiracle and papillae found on respiratory horns were also observed. The present study suggests that azadirachtin hampers the development rate of M. scalaris by reducing the insect population and causing several scanning electron microscopic changes in the puparia of the insect.

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