Background Symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) can lead to different types and ranges of sexual dysfunction in MS patients. Studies in different parts of the world have reported a high range of sexual dysfunction in men with MS. This study aimed to estimate pooled prevalence of sexual dysfunction in men with MS. Methods The authors searched Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Magiran, SID, and Iran Medical Papers Database using the keywords “multiple sclerosis”, “sexual dysfunctions”, “men”, “prevalence”, and their synonyms systematically. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model with inverse variance-weighted method to estimate the overall prevalence of sexual dysfunction in men with MS. The protocol for this meta-analysis is available in PROSPERO (ID CRD42020199005). Results A total of 351 documents were identified, and 20 articles published from 1996 to 2019 were analyzed. The articles used sample sizes from 9 to 101 individuals. However, two studies conducted online used 388 and 1568 samples. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in all studies was reported from 31 to 92%, and the pooled prevalence of sexual dysfunction in men with MS in all studies was 62.9% with a 95% confidence interval 53 to 72.7% (heterogeneity: I2 = 96.3%, Q-statistic = 12.48, P value < 0.001). According to the results of Egger’s test, there was publication bias in the current study (β = 4.55, Se = 1.38, P value = 0.004). Conclusion Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent in men with MS. Diagnosing sexual dysfunction in MS patients in clinics by specialists have to be considered a necessity.
Background:An assessment of the process of changes in growth indices of children basaed on gender differences not only does provide the required information of the child's growth pattern, rather it also prepares the ground for a dynamic comparison of gender differences as a sensitive indicator of gender discrimination. The current research has been designed and implemented for depicting the growth patterns of children under two years old.Methods:Through a secondary analysis based study, the health files of 1336 children under 2 years old (700 boys and 636 girls) in the maternal and child health care system in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province in 2017 were analyzed in terms of the nutritional status and in view of underweight and skinniness (wasting) and stunting (stunted growth) based on WHO standardization indicators.Results:The average difference of weight, height and head circumference of male and female children in the early days of their birth were respectively 67 g, 0.36 and 0.37 cm. Although z standardized score charts for average weight, height, and head circumference did not show a significant difference in the course of two-year period among boys and girls, the percentage ratio of boys as compared to girls in low weight at birth, six months, one year and two years old are respectively 0.98, 1.7, 12.4 and 1.5 for weight loss index 2.4, 1.73, 2.9 and 1.9, and for the short height (stunted growth) indexes 1.3, 1.48, 1.4 and 1.6, and for the head circumference index 0.48, 2.27, 1.56 and 1.6, and these indicate a constant gap between the boys with low weight, skinny and low head circumference measure and girls.Discussion and conclusion:In spite of the closeness of weight, height and head circumference differences in newborn girls and boys, their growth difference over the two-years period was associated with boys' superiority. In other words, boys had a more desirable growth trend than girls in terms of averaging indices. On the other hand, the percentage of male children with low weight, wasting and short height in the whole course of the study was more than female subjects. The research findings not only lay an emphasis on the gap between boys and girls in view of the studied indices, but also underlines the fact that in epidemiological studies, comparisons of averages are not an appropriate approach for comparing populations, and this in turn reveals the urgent need to pay more attention to frequency-based indicators. The recent attitude shift that has occurred among Iranian familes in terms of giving much care to girls as compared to boys against the previous inverted approach seems to be one of the most important justifications for this difference in growth trend.
Background: An important challenge for universities and research managers is to motivate faculty members to carry out research and increase the number of articles, which increases the university’s research ranking. The first stage in organizing research in the community is the achievement of a correct understanding of the capabilities and available facilities and realizing the weaknesses and strengths of research programs. Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the barriers to research from the perspective of the faculty members of Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Khuzestan, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed to determine the barriers to research from the perspective of the faculty members of Dezful University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of two personal information sections and a questionnaire containing 39 items in four domains. The SPSS software (version 21), independent t-test, and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of the participants was 26.9 ± 7.43 years. Additionally, 25 (50%) and 25 (50%) subjects were male and female. Moreover, 34 (68%), 13 (23%), and 3 (6%) participants were working in the Medical School, Nursing School, and Paramedical School, respectively. Conclusions: From the perspective of the faculty members, there were several barriers to research activities, the most important of which was related to the individual domain and financial support for the researcher. Furthermore, the specification of the research process by eliminating cumbersome administrative rules and creating a balance between obligatory hours dedicated to research and education can be an effective stage in the process of performing research activities.
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