Alcohol is long regarded as a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED), but epidemiological evidence has been equivocal. We aimed to investigate the ED risk associated with various levels of alcohol consumption by meta-analysis. We searched for population-based studies on ED through Medline, PubMed, PsychInfo, and scanned through reference lists. Eleven cross-sectional studies were included and analyzed with random effects model. We reviewed the results from one crosssectional study and two cohort studies. Regular alcohol consumption was negatively associated with ED (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 0.79; 99% confidence interval (CI), 0.67-0.92; Po0.001). Consumption of 8 or more drinks/week significantly reduced the risk of ED (OR ¼ 0.85; 99% CI, 0.73-0.99; P ¼ 0.007), but consumption of less alcohol (1-7 drinks/week) was not significant (OR ¼ 0.73; 99% CI, 0.44, 1.20; P ¼ 0.101). Begg's test and Egger's test detected no significant publication bias. Our estimates (in sensitivity analyses) were rendered nonsignificant when International Index of Erectile Function definition was used and when statistical adjustment was made only for age. Meta-analysis of crosssectional studies yielded a protective association of alcohol on ED, but the two cohort studies did not demonstrate any significant findings for alcohol consumption. More research is needed to confirm whether alcohol is protective or is unrelated to ED development.
The sustained attention to response task (SART), a measure of sustained attention created by Robertson, Manly, Andrade, Baddeley, and Yiend (1997), was administered to 51 patients with schizophrenia and 51 normal controls to provide information on the sensitivity of the measure in this clinical group. Patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than the normal controls in correct response, reaction time for correct response, and efficiency estimate of taking account of both the accuracy and speed of movement. Moreover, the patient group was more often correctly classified as defective on the basis of efficiency estimate than the normal controls. These data provide further evidence of the sensitivity of the SART to patients with schizophrenia.
This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 160 men aged 50 and above who were sexually active (sexual intercourse in the preceding 6 months) from a large primary care treatment centre. The subjects of interest were elderly aged 65 and above, and men aged 50-65 were used for comparison. The overall response rate was 66.9%. The men who participated were generally more affluent. Standard of living was measured by the presence of maid and housing type. Erectile function (EF) score was significantly higher in those who hired maids (P ¼ 0.02). Housing type was not associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). In Model A (included both monthly income and education), significant non-parametric correlations were found between monthly income and EF, intercourse satisfaction (IS), orgasmic function (OF) and sexual desire (SD) domains. After statistical adjustments, only EF (Po0.01) and IS (P ¼ 0.04) remained positively associated with monthly income. OF was negatively associated with age (Po0.01) and diabetes (P ¼ 0.04), whereas SD was negatively associated with age (Po0.01) in the multivariate analysis. Overall satisfaction was not significantly associated with any factor. In Model B (excluded monthly income from analysis), education attainment was positively associated with OF (P ¼ 0.04), but was not significant after adjustment for multiple testing. In the final multivariate model, only monthly income (Po0.01) and age (Po0.01), but not education (P ¼ 0.47), remained significantly associated with EF. This study suggests the influence of social determinants on EF and that this influence can extend into late life.
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