A multiple case study investigation is reported in which emotions and performance were assessed within the probabilistic individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) model (Kamata, Tenenbaum,& Hanin, 2002) to develop idiosyncratic emotion-performance profiles. These profiles were incorporated into a psychological skills training (PST) intervention, with a focus on three emotional dimensions, that is, arousal, pleasantness, and functionality, and several psychological strategies employed during practice and competition. Two female varsity golfers at a major Division I university in the Southeast participated in the case study during the Spring 2002 season. The PST intervention resulted in enhanced emotional self-regulation skills and improved golf performance. Directions for future research into the IZOF model and implications for practical application of the model are discussed.
This study investigated the reliability of the counselor evaluation process as a function of the communication stimulus, that is, audio, visual, and audiovisual interaction. The judges in the study were six randomly selected, first-year graduate students from the Rehabilitation Counselor Education Program at Syracuse University. The measure of the dependent variable, empathy, was the Empathic Understanding in Interpersonal Process Scale. Significant reliability coefficients beyond .SO were obtained in all three communication conditions but no one media yielded distinctly higher reliability ratings. Claims that audiovisual tape recordings are superior to other communications media as aides for use in counselor education, supervision, and evaluation have not yet been substantiated.
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