Since 11 September 2001, improvised nuclear devices have become recognized as an important radiological threat requiring emergency response planning. Although Protective Action Guidance is well established for fixed nuclear facilities, correspondingly well-developed guidance does not exist for nuclear explosions. The Washington State Department of Health has developed preplanned Protective Action Recommendations for improvised nuclear device explosions. These recommendations recognize the need for advice to the public soon after such an event, before significant data are available. They can be used before significant outside support is available locally, and reference observable effects so people can use them if communications were disabled. The recommendations focus on early actions (24-48 h) and place priority on actions to avoid deterministic health effects due to residual fallout. Specific emphasis is placed on determining recommendations for evacuation, as well as the extent of the area for sheltering. The key recommendations developed for an initial public response are: (1) if there is ready access to robust shelter such as an underground basement or interior spaces in a multi-story structure, immediate sheltering in these areas is the best action, regardless of location; (2) if robust shelter is not available, and if fallout is observed in the area, then evacuation is the best general recommendation for locations within 16 km (10 miles) of the explosion; and (3) beyond 16 km (10 miles), the generally recommended protective action is to shelter in the best-protected location which is readily available.
As part of the continuing emphasis on emergency preparedness, the U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) sponsored the development of a rapid dose assessment system by Pacific Northwest laboratory (PNL}. This system, the Interactive Rapid Dose Assessment Model (!ROAM) is a micro-computer based program for rapidly assessing the radiological impact of accidents at nuclear power plants.This document describes the technical bases for IRnAM including methods, models and assumptions used in calculations. IRnAM calculates whole IJody (5-cm depth) and infant thyroid doses at six fixed downwind dist~nces between 500 and 20,000 meters. Radionuclides considered primarily consist of nohle gases and radioiodines. In order to provide a rapid assessment capability consistent with the capacity of the Osborne-1 computer, certain simplifying approximations and assumptions are made. These are described, along with default values (assumptions used in the absence of specific input) in the text of t~is document. Appendices provided include a code listing (Appendix I), flowcharts (Appendix II), and results of quality assurance comparisons (Appendix III).Two companion volumes to this one provide additional information on
• a verification that the ensemble of models for determining source term, atmospheric dispersion, and dosimetry calculations are coordinated and producP. reasonable results.
The Interactive Rapid Dose Assessment Model (IRDAM) is a micro-computer based program designed to provide rapid assessments of the radiological impact of accidents at nuclear power plants. The main body of this document consists of 28 examples of IRDAM input and output representing various types of accidents and releases. These examples are intended to provide a basis for comparison with other models or for testing !ROAM itself. Figures are included which show dose rates calculated by IRDAM for each scenario. Figures are also included which show calculations made using the computer codes WRAITH (Scherpelz, Borst and Hoenes, 1980) and RADPUR (Dabbert, et. al., 1982).Two other companion volumes to this one provide additional information 011
As part of the continuing emphasis on emergency preparedness the u.s. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) sponsored the development of a rapid dose assessment system by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). This system, the Interactive Rapid Dose Assessment Model (IRDAM) is a microcomputer based program for rapidly assessing the radiological impact of accidents at nuclear power plants. This User's Guide provides instruction in the setup and operation of the equipment necessary to run IRDAM. Instructions are also given on how to load the magnetic disks and access the interactive part of the program. Two other companion volumes to this one provide additional information on IRDAM. Reactor Accident Assessment Methods (NUREG/CR-3012, Volume 2) describes the technical bases for IRDAM including methods, models and assumptions used in calculations. Scenarios for Comparing Dose Assessment Models (NUREG/CR-3012, Volume 3) provides the results of calculations made by IRDAM and other models for specific accident scenarios.
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