Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species parasites, has long been recognised as an economically significant disease of chickens. As the global chicken population continues to grow, and its contribution to food security intensifies, it is increasingly important to assess the impact of diseases that compromise chicken productivity and welfare. In 1999, Williams published one of the most comprehensive estimates for the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, featuring a compartmentalised model for the costs of prophylaxis, treatment and losses, indicating a total cost in excess of £38 million in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1995. In the 25 years since this analysis the global chicken population has doubled and systems of chicken meat and egg production have advanced through improved nutrition, husbandry and selective breeding of chickens, and wider use of anticoccidial vaccines. Using data from industry representatives including veterinarians, farmers, production and health experts, we have updated the Williams model and estimate that coccidiosis in chickens cost the UK £99.2 million in 2016 (range £73.0–£125.5 million). Applying the model to data from Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, India, New Zealand, Nigeria and the United States resulted in estimates that, when extrapolated by geographical region, indicate a global cost of ~ £10.4 billion at 2016 prices (£7.7–£13.0 billion), equivalent to £0.16/chicken produced. Understanding the economic costs of livestock diseases can be advantageous, providing baselines to evaluate the impact of different husbandry systems and interventions. The updated cost of coccidiosis in chickens will inform debates on the value of chemoprophylaxis and development of novel anticoccidial vaccines.
The objectives of the present study were to report the influence of factors like age, sex, breed, dung consistency and rearing system on prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in south Indian cattle. Two-step nested PCR was employed for detection of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves of south Indian states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and union territory i.e., Puducherry. A total of 459 dung samples from the calves were subjected to nested PCR, 182 were found positive with prevalence percent of 39.65. Age wise comparison showed a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the age group of one month old calves. This concludes that the cryptosporidiosis is highly age dependent with young calves showed the highest prevalence. Depending on the group had consistency of dung, the highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium was observed in semi-solid dung, followed by formed and the diarrhoeic group animals. Female calves showed slightly higher prevalence rate than male animals. Cow calves had an overall prevalence percent of 40.75 and the infection rate in buffalo calves was 36.28 %. In relation to rearing system, individual animals had 42.18 % and farm animals showed 38.46 % of Cryptosporidium infection. In conclusion, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in dairy calves should be correlated with the factors like age, sex, breed, dung consistency and rearing system of the animal to arrive at a reliable epidemiological data on bovine cryptosporidiosis.
species are the obligate tissue protozoan parasites of livestock causing clinical and subclinical disease resulting in downgrading of the meat and their products thereby leading to economic losses. The present study reveals the prevalence and distribution of sarcocystosis in water buffaloes () slaughtered at local abattoirs in A.P for a period of 1 year from June 2014 to May 2015. A total of 137 buffalo carcasses were screened grossly and microscopically organ wise viz., esophagus, tongue, heart, diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Out of 137 screened, 91 were infected with an overall prevalence of 66.42 %. Age wise analysis of 89 young male calves aged about 18-36 months old revealed 65.16 % (58/89) and 48 old she buffaloes (5-8 years) showed 68.75 % (33/48). The organ wise prevalence was highest in esophagus (51.82 %) followed by tongue (47.44 %), heart (29.92 %), diaphragmatic muscles (28.46 %) and intercostal muscles (18.24 %), respectively. Morphometric studies revealed the presence of two species, i.e., and infection with a prevalence of 43.79 and 22.62 %, respectively, along with mixed infection rate of 43.06 %. Microscopic studies of showed sarcocyst length/width/cyst wall thickness ranged between 0.31-0.69/0.09-0.12 mm/<1 µm, respectively, and bradyzoites with an average of 6.25 µm length/2.5 µm width. Similarly, cyst ranged between 2 and 8.5 mm/1-3 mm/2-5 µm and bradyzoites with an average of 10 µm length/2.5 µm width. The histopathological studies revealed congestion and degenerative changes of myocytes along with infiltration of mononuclear cells.
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