The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of arginine on sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) somatic embryogenesis, free polyamines and other nitrogenous compounds contents. Segments of leaves were used as explants to establish embryogenic cultures on media with 0 and 50.0 mg l -1 arginine. Somatic embryos formation and free polyamines, free proline and total soluble proteins contents were compared. Arginine significantly induced sugarcane somatic embryogenesis. Free proline and protein levels determined in embryogenic cell masses during embryo differentiation-maturation, showed an arginine-induced promotion associated to the enhancement of the embryogenic process. In addition, free putrescine and, in a minor extent, spermidine and spermine contents were enhanced by arginine.
Pineapple is one of the most important tropical fruits, but the availability of planting material is insufficient to agricultural demands. Therefore, several pineapple micropropagation protocols have been developed. However, acclimatization of in vitro plants continues to take a prolonged period. Biofertilizers have been found as safe alternatives to improve the agricultural performances of many crops. This study highlights some of the effects of the application of Azotobacter chroococcum (INIFAT5 strain) on in vitro pineapple plants during acclimatization. The bacteria were sprayed immediately after transplanting to the ex vitro environment; the plants were then sprayed every 4 wk. A control group of plants was established. Subsequently, after 5 mo, the evaluated variables included fresh and dry plant weight, plant height (cm), and root length (cm). The anatomy of middle-aged leaves and roots was also studied: transversal thickness and width of cuticle, epidermis, hypodermis, aquiferous parenchyma, and photosynthetic parenchyma. Thickness of root exoderm, external cortex, internal cortex, and stele were also evaluated. In general, the INIFAT5 strain improved the plant development. Results showed that the bacteria significantly provoked changes in the plant fresh weight, the thickness of the leaf abaxial and adaxial cuticles, and the root exoderm width. Contrastingly, A. chroococcum did not affect the thickness of the leaf photosynthetic parenchyma.
Ecuadorean mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) germplasm has been found to be widely infected with the potyvirus Tropaeolum mosaic virus (TropMV). The objective of this research was to produce virus-tested (VT) germplasm to compare growth in vitro and in the field with virus-infected (V) germplasm. Twentythree of 25 apical dome-derived clones tested free of virus based on bioassays using Nicotiana benthamiana and Chenopodium quinoa. In vitro-generated plant tissue was just as effective for determining VT status as greenhouse-generated plant tissue. Genotype rather than virus-infection status appeared to have a greater effect on in vitro proliferation. There were no differences in in vitro rooting among the genotypes or between the VT clones compared to the V clones, with at least 90% of the microcuttings rooting. However, rooted microcuttings of V clones were taller than rooted microcuttings of VT clones. Plants were readily reestablished in a greenhouse at the USDA, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit at Fort Detrick, USA. In field experiment 1, ca. 75% of the plants survived field transplanting and VT plants of genotype 1147 had greater tuber weight (928 g) than V plants (235 g). In field experiment 2, plant mortality was high one month after field transplanting. Genotypes 1093 (59%) and 1141 (54%) had higher survival than genotype 1147 (44%); however, survival did not differ between the VT (46%) and V (59%) plants of all genotypes. No differences were noted in field performance for the three genotypes after 10 months of growth. Although overall tuber yield among the V, VT and VTR (reinfected-VT plants) did not differ, V plants produced big tubers that weighed more than those from VT plants. Thirty-three percent of the VT plants became reinfected and 42% of the V plants tested negative after 10 months in the field based on double-antibody-sandwich ELISA.
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