Understanding the network structure of white matter communication pathways is essential for unraveling the mysteries of the brain's function, organization, and evolution. To this end, we derive a unique network incorporating 410 anatomical tracing studies of the macaque brain from the Collation of Connectivity data on the Macaque brain (CoCoMac) neuroinformatic database. Our network consists of 383 hierarchically organized regions spanning cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia; models the presence of 6,602 directed long-distance connections; is three times larger than any previously derived brain network; and contains subnetworks corresponding to classic corticocortical, corticosubcortical, and subcortico-subcortical fiber systems. We found that the empirical degree distribution of the network is consistent with the hypothesis of the maximum entropy exponential distribution and discovered two remarkable bridges between the brain's structure and function via networktheoretical analysis. First, prefrontal cortex contains a disproportionate share of topologically central regions. Second, there exists a tightly integrated core circuit, spanning parts of premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, thalamus, basal ganglia, cingulate cortex, insula, and visual cortex, that includes much of the task-positive and task-negative networks and might play a special role in higher cognition and consciousness.neuroanatomy | brain network | network analysis | structural | functional I n 1669, Nicolaus Steno (1) referred to white matter as "nature's finest masterpiece." White matter pathways in the brain mediate information flow and facilitate information integration and cooperation across functionally differentiated distributed centers of sensation, perception, action, cognition, and emotion. Uncovering the global topological regularities of the logical longdistance connections that are subserved by the physical white matter pathways is a key prerequisite to any theory of brain function, dysfunction, organization, dynamics, and evolution.Anatomical tracing in experimental animals has historically been the pervasive technique for mapping long-distance white matter projections (2-4). Given the resolution of anatomical tracing experiments, they typically furnish data at a macroscale of cortical areas or, more generally, brain regions. The associated network description* models brain regions as vertices and the presence of reported long-distance connections as directed edges between them.The most well-known network of the macaque monkey visual cortex consists of 32 vertices and 305 edges (2). Other networks of the macaque cortex consist of 70 vertices and 700 edges (5) and 95 vertices and 2,402 edges (6). The largest network of the cat cortex has 95 vertices and 1,500 edges (7). Network-theoretical analyses have uncovered a number of remarkable insights: distributed and hierarchical structure of cortex (2); topological organization of cortex (8); indeterminacy of unique hierarchy (9); functional smallworld charac...

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Unite neuroscience, supercomputing, and nanotechnology to discover, demonstrate, and deliver the brain's core algorithms.

A collaborative experimental and theoretical study on the dependence of the infrared (IR) spectrum of hydrated Nafion electrolyte membrane on the hydration number is investigated in great detail. Experimental time-resolved attenuated total reflection Fourier transform IR spectroscopic results show that Nafion membrane has a unique IR peak intensity dependence on the hydration number. Calculated IR spectra indicate that this unique IR peak intensity dependence is correctly reproduced not for the singly hydrated Nafion but for the doubly hydrated Nafion. This result strongly supports the relay mechanism of the proton conductance, in which protonated water clusters are relayed by the side chains through the doubly hydrated sulfonic acid groups under low-humidity conditions.

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