Aim: This study was taken up to investigate the usefulness of Remote Sensing & GIS tools for the evaluation of fourteen watershed projects implemented under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) project in the Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted by Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Department, Andhra Pradesh2009 to 2022. Methodology: Remote Sensing based methodology is adopted through temporal satellite data for monitoring the watersheds. This research study was investigated using high-resolution data like Resourcesat-2, and LISS-IV of 2011 (pre-treatment) and 2016 (post-treatment)to assess the changes in land use/land cover and biomass that have changed within a period of five years (2011-16). Results: There is a significant reduction in fallow land area from 31727 ha to 23893 ha, which is attributed to dense and open vegetation categories in 2016. The output of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index classification indicates the increase in dense vegetation from 16955 ha to 23256 ha, which indicates there is an improvement in the open vegetation category due to the reclamation of fallow land. Conclusion: This study reveals that an additional area of 419ha (07.53%) increased under water bodies and 2792ha of wasteland converted to cultivable land due to the construction of farm ponds, percolation tanks and check dams. This area is attributed to cropland and plantations.
The current study was taken up to investigate the utility of the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools for evaluation of 13 Integrated Watershed Development Programme watershed projects implemented during 2009-2016 in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh. The study was carried out using high resolution Resourcesat-2, Linear Imaging self-Scanning System (LISS)-IV data of 2011 (pre-treatment) and 2016 (post-treatment) to assess the changes in land use/land cover and biomass over a period of five years (2011-16). Due to implementation of the watershed developmental activities, an additional area of 15100 ha has been brought under cultivation. The vegetation maps indicated that 20531 ha of fallow land converted to dense (9533 ha) and open vegetation (10249) categories during the project period due to the adoption of soil and water conservation practices. An additional area of 280 ha (5.72%) increased under water bodies and 1352 ha waste land converted to cultivable land due to construction of farm ponds, percolation tanks and check dams. This area is attributed to cropland and plantations in the year 2016.
Aim: This Investigation was taken up to detect the changes in the Bio-Physical Indicators of Polla Watershed project implemented under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) watershed project in Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Polla watershed area of Seetham pet mandal of Srikakulam District, which is under drought Prone Area Project (DPAP) by the Panchayat Raj and Rural Development (PR and RD) Department, Andhra Pradesh during 2013 to 2020. Methodology: High-resolution satellite data like Resourcesat-2, Linear Imaging and Self Scanning-IV (LISS-IV) of 2013 (pre-treatment) and 2020 (post-treatment) and ArcGIS 10.8 software were used in this project to measure the changes in land use/land cover and biomass during the project period (2013-20). Result: The results showed a reduction in wastelands by 59.67% (786.59 ha) and an increase in cropland and plantation by 32.68% (756.34ha) and 2.16% (24.55ha) respectively. There is an increase in dense vegetation 49.36 ha (3.93 %), medium vegetation412.04ha (28.36 %), Low Vegetation 247.93ha (19.25 %) and a decrease in nil vegetation 709.33 ha (-57.99 %). Another positive indicator of watershed development in the project area is the increase in waterbodies by 17.10 %, due to the construction of rainwater harvesting structures i.e., 21 percolation tanks, 10 rockfill dams,18 loose boulder structures, 19 Mini Percolation Tanks etc. Conclusion: This study reveals that an additional area of 5.69ha (17.10%) increased under water bodies and 786.59 ha of wasteland converted to cultivable land due to the construction of rockfill dams, percolation tanks, mini percolation tanks, check walls and loose boulder structures. This area is reflected in cropland and plantations.
The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana(PMKSY) watershed development programimplemented in the west Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh influencesthe changes in the socio-economic conditions of people.In Ganapavaram, Lakshmi Narayana Devi Peta (LND Peta) and Alliveru mega watershed projects of West Godavari district as a part of the Entry Point Activities (EPAs) component,129 works are executed with an expenditure of Rs.68.65 lakhs which is 4.06 percentof the project cost in three project areas. Besides, underNatural Resource Management (NRM) component,413 works were executed with an expenditure of Rs.730.57 lakhs, which is 43.15 percent of the project cost in project areas and as a part of the PSI component, 856 implementswere supplied with an expenditure of Rs.77.67 lakhs, which is 4.59 percent of the project cost in the project areas.These watershed interventions, bring changes in the socio-economic conditions of people i.e., the average Illiteracy rate declined from 65.83% to 42.75%, safe drinking water supplies improved by 26.54%,the mean gross income of households increased by 58.65 percent, thenumber of person-days/yr/family in agriculture and non-agriculture-related activities during the projectimplementation period increased by 24.34% (31 person-days) and 19.71% (22person-days) respectively also increased theWage earningson an average by Rs.90/- (32.93%) per day for men from Rs.273/- to Rs.363/- and Rs.42/- (25.77%) per day for women from Rs.162/- to Rs.203/- during the project period.Due to the impacts of watershed management interventionsemployment and wage rates were increased, which helped in the reduction of migration from rural to urban areas by 28.18%.
The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) watershed development program was implemented in the Devipatnam mandal of the west Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. Introducing watershed development programs to the community through Entry Point Activities (EPAs) has always been recognized as an important activity. The Entry Point Activities (EPAs) were implemented to establish togetherness with the community, strengthening and sustaining it throughout the program and beyond. The present study focused on the assessment of outcomes from Entry Point Activities and their impact on changes inthe socio-economic conditions of the watershed community. The study covered two PMKSY Projects covering four micro watersheds of Batch-V sanctioned in Devipatnam mandal of East Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh. Stratified random sampling was adopted for this study covering 5% of households out of the total households in the study area. Three types of EPAs (RO Plant, Tent houses and Solar street lights) were executed in PMKSY project areas which bring changes in the socio-economic conditions of the watershed community.
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